隧道水压爆破表面活性剂降尘技术研究

发布时间：2018-07-03 16:20

本文选题：粉尘 + 水压爆破　；参考：《中国地质大学(北京)》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：隧道工程爆破掘进作业环节会产生大量粉尘,高浓度岩尘对作业人员身体健康及生产环境危害巨大。水压爆破技术在隧道工程中应用广泛,可提高爆破效果并在一定程度上降低粉尘浓度,由于水的表面张力较大,对粉尘润湿性能较差,实际应用中降尘效果并不理想,矿山开采降尘技术中多使用表面活性剂提高降尘效果,在隧道降尘技术领域研究应用较少。本文采用理论研究、实验室实验及现场检验的方法,系统研究了水压爆破降尘的理论及添加表面活性剂对提高爆破水雾效果,增强润湿,控制粉尘浓度的作用机理。从表面张力和润湿性能两方面出发研究表面活性剂单体效果及复配实验方案,选取3个种类6种不同表面活性剂溶液进行表面张力实验,采集工程3种不同岩石取样进行接触角测定,发现接触角在普通水的基础上得到降低,均处于润湿或部分润湿范围内,效果较好,但不同岩石取样润湿性能存在较大差异。认为岩石隧道用表面活性剂应综合考虑溶液表面张力及接触角两方面因素进行筛选。在遵循表面活性剂复配原理的基础上,将6种表面活性剂分别以各自CMC浓度进行了两两复配,对比分析得到溶液表面张力较低,润湿性能良好,使用安全的表面活性剂配方T7,由阴离子表面活性剂及两性离子表面活性剂复配而成。实践表明,隧道爆破作业后受通风、出渣等作业干扰,粉尘浓度测试影响因素较多,降尘效果检验应综合考虑现场作业情况。针对实际隧道工程,结合水压爆破技术施工方法,研究添加配方制作隧道用封堵水袋的方法并进行工程实验。设计包括爆破安全距离内实时粉尘浓度测定、横断面浓度分布测定及距离掌子面30m处粉尘浓度测定在内的综合效果评估方案,采用LD-5型激光粉尘测定仪对使用表面活性剂配方的爆破方案及普通水压爆破方案呼吸性粉尘PM2.5浓度变化进行综合效果对比,实验结果表明加入表面活性剂配方的爆破循环在爆破后PM2.5浓度比传统水压爆破有进一步降低,添加表面活性剂配方T7的水压爆破技术对降低隧道爆破粉尘浓度,减少粉尘职业病危害有一定的实用价值。
[Abstract]:A large amount of dust will be produced in blasting tunneling in tunnel engineering, and high concentration rock dust will do great harm to workers' health and production environment. Water pressure blasting technology is widely used in tunnel engineering, which can improve blasting effect and reduce dust concentration to a certain extent. Due to the large surface tension of water and poor wetting performance to dust, the dust reduction effect in practical application is not ideal. The surface active agent is used to improve the dust control effect in mine mining dust control technology, but it is seldom used in tunnel dust control technology. In this paper, the theory of dust reduction by hydraulic blasting and the mechanism of adding surfactant to improve the effect of blasting water mist, to enhance wetting and to control the concentration of dust are systematically studied by means of theoretical research, laboratory experiments and field tests. The effect of surfactant monomer and its compound experimental scheme were studied from two aspects of surface tension and wettability. Three kinds of six different kinds of surfactant solutions were selected for surface tension experiment. The contact angle of three kinds of different rock samples was measured. It was found that the contact angle was decreased on the basis of common water, and the contact angle was in the range of wetting or partial wetting, and the effect was better, but the wettability of different rock samples was different. It is suggested that the surface tension and contact angle of rock tunnel should be considered comprehensively. On the basis of the principle of surfactant compounding, six surfactants were mixed with their CMC concentration respectively. The results showed that the surface tension of the solution was lower and the wettability was good. Use safe surfactant formula T 7, composed of anionic surfactants and amphoteric surfactants. The practice shows that there are many factors influencing the dust concentration test after blasting operation, such as ventilation and slag extraction, and the field operation should be considered comprehensively in the dust control effect test. In view of the actual tunnel engineering, combined with the construction method of hydraulic blasting technology, the method of adding the formula to make the sealing water bag for tunnel is studied and the engineering experiment is carried out. The comprehensive effect evaluation scheme is designed, which includes real time dust concentration measurement in blasting safe distance, determination of cross section concentration distribution and determination of dust concentration at 30 m distance from the face of the palm. By using LD-5 laser dust detector, the comprehensive effects of the blasting scheme with surfactant formula and the general hydraulic blasting scheme with respirable dust PM2.5 concentration change were compared. The experimental results show that the concentration of PM2.5 in the blasting cycle with surfactant formula is further lower than that in traditional hydraulic blasting. The water pressure blasting technology with surfactant formula T7 can reduce the concentration of blasting dust in tunnel blasting. It has certain practical value to reduce the hazard of dust occupational disease.
【学位授予单位】：中国地质大学(北京)
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：U455.6;TQ423.9

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