驾驶员对交通潜在危险状态识别的案例研究

发布时间：2018-11-01 13:37

【摘要】：道路交通安全一直广受社会关注。近几年来,虽然道路交通事故造成的伤亡数据总体呈下降趋势,但仍是威胁人们生命和财产安全的重要因素之一。据统计,在引发交通事故的因素中有90%以上与驾驶员相关,其中驾驶员对危险的感知因素又极大地影响驾驶员的驾驶行为。相关研究表明,驾驶员若能提前1~2秒感知或识别周围交通环境中存在的潜在危险,并采取积极应对措施,则可在很大程度上减少交通事故的发生。因此,针对驾驶员对交通潜在危险状态的识别机理过程和影响因素进行了理论分析和案例研究,以期探索能够提高驾驶员对潜在危险状态的识别能力和避免危险发生的方法。明确了交通潜在危险和交通潜在危险状态的概念,建立了驾驶员对交通潜在危险状态识别的机理模型,并详细阐述了影响驾驶员识别潜在危险状态的主客观因素,重点分析了驾驶经验因素对识别潜在危险状态的影响,同时还结合突变理论尝试解释了交通潜在危险引发事故的过程。驾驶员对潜在危险状态识别的过程可看作是对潜在危险的信息感知、信息加工处理和应对操作三个阶段相互作用的动态过程。客观影响因素主要影响驾驶员信息感知阶段,而主观影响因素可同时影响感知、加工和应对三个阶段。驾驶经验不同主要表现为不同驾驶员视觉搜索模式和潜在危险信息模板库的不同。依据交通潜在危险形成的原因将包含有潜在危险的交通情形划分为5类,从搜集的众多事故资料中筛选出18个典型危险情形并建立潜在危险情形库。根据潜在危险形成原因进行分类的方法能够避免不同情形间存在相似潜在危险的问题。应用3ds Max再现了5起不同类型交通事故案例的发生过程,并应用FTA法分析了各个事故案例中驾驶员处于潜在危险状态的原因。分析结果表明,驾驶员“经验不足”和“安全意识淡薄”是主要且可控原因。以驾驶员视角观察其处于潜在危险状态时的交通环境状况,并由此提出了识别该潜在危险和避免处于潜在危险状态的方法。应用HBuilder和Sojump分别构建了用于提高驾驶员对潜在危险状态识别能力的学习和测试平台。该平台为Web形式,可由PC端或移动端浏览器打开,有利于平台的推广、学习及培训。研究成果,对于掌握驾驶员对交通潜在危险状态的识别机理和影响因素具有一定理论价值,对于提高驾驶员对潜在危险状态的识别能力、促进潜在危险学习及测试平台的推广和减少交通事故的发生也具有一定的理论和应用价值。
[Abstract]:Road traffic safety has been widely concerned by the society. In recent years, although the casualty data caused by road traffic accidents have shown a downward trend, it is still one of the important factors threatening people's lives and property safety. According to statistics, more than 90% of the factors causing traffic accidents are related to drivers, and drivers' perception of danger greatly affects driver's driving behavior. Relevant studies have shown that if drivers can perceive or identify the potential hazards in the surrounding traffic environment 1 ~ 2 seconds ahead of time and take active measures to deal with them, the occurrence of traffic accidents can be reduced to a great extent. Therefore, this paper makes a theoretical analysis and case study on the identification mechanism and influencing factors of the drivers' potential dangerous state, in order to explore the methods to improve the drivers' ability to recognize the potential dangerous state and to avoid the occurrence of the danger. The concepts of traffic potential hazard and traffic potential danger state are defined, the mechanism model of drivers' recognition of traffic potential danger state is established, and the subjective and objective factors that affect drivers' recognition of potential danger state are expounded in detail. The influence of driving experience on the identification of potential dangerous state is analyzed, and the process of accident caused by traffic potential hazard is explained with catastrophe theory. The identification process of the potential hazard state can be regarded as the dynamic process of interaction among the three stages of information perception, information processing and response operation. Objective influencing factors mainly affect driver's information perception stage, while subjective influence factors can affect three stages simultaneously: perception, processing and coping. Driving experience is mainly manifested in different drivers' visual search mode and potential hazard information template library. According to the causes of the formation of potential traffic hazards, the traffic situations that contain potential hazards are classified into 5 categories, and 18 typical hazard cases are selected from the collected accident data and the potential hazard situation database is established. The method of classifying the causes of potential hazards can avoid the problem of similar potential hazards in different situations. The occurrence process of five different traffic accident cases was reproduced by using 3ds Max, and the causes of drivers' potential dangerous state in each accident case were analyzed by FTA method. The results show that the driver's "inexperience" and "weak safety consciousness" are the main and controllable reasons. The traffic environment is observed from the perspective of the driver, and a method to identify the potential danger and avoid the potential danger is put forward. HBuilder and Sojump are used to build a learning and testing platform to improve drivers' ability to identify potential hazardous states. The platform is Web, can be opened by PC or mobile browser, conducive to platform promotion, learning and training. The research results have certain theoretical value for mastering the identification mechanism and influencing factors of the drivers' potential dangerous state of traffic, and can improve the drivers' ability to recognize the potential dangerous state. It is also of theoretical and practical value to promote the promotion of potential hazard learning and test platform and to reduce the occurrence of traffic accidents.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：U491.25

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