基于微型面包车事故再现的驾驶员损伤及防护研究

发布时间：2019-04-13 12:46

【摘要】：随着我国经济的发展,微型面包车在经济欠发达地区保有量激增,相应的事故发生率也呈逐年上升趋势,由于微型面包车车身结构单薄,吸能区与缓冲区行程较短,致使车内乘员往往伤亡严重。因此,探讨微型面包车事故发生规律、乘员损伤机理及其防护机制就显得尤为重要。本文以微型面包车正面碰撞事故为切入点,利用有限元分析仿真技术,对微型面包车驾驶员的损伤机理及其防护进行研究,为车辆安全性设计提供参考依据,具有现实的经济和社会意义。本文主要研究方法与结论如下:首先,对微型面包车事故进行深度调查与分析,明确微型面包车事故的发生特点与规律。分析结果表明,在道路类型和事故地点分布上,以城市道路为主,占74%,事发路段线性多为平直路段,占86%;从乘员伤亡情况来看,面包车与货车事故导致乘员伤亡情况最为严重,占总死亡人数的45.3%。因此本文对微型面包车与货车碰撞案例进行事故重建。其次,根据事故深度调查分析结果,选取事故数据库中最常见的面包车车型,创建微型面包车有限元模型,并对其进行验证;利用事故再现技术与有限元分析软件对微型面包车追尾碰撞货车案例进行事故重建。提取了微型面包车质量增加曲线、能量变化曲线、车辆变形、驾驶员动态响应过程等结果,并对重建结果进行验证,验证结果表明,从仿真模型的稳定性、车辆变形、碰撞过程中驾驶员的动态响应三个方面均具有较高的准确性,据此可以进行下一步的研究分析。再次,构建微型面包车-THUMS乘员有限元模型仿真边界条件对事故中人体损伤过程进行重建,提取驾驶员颅骨、肋骨及下肢等效应力,参考人体头部、胸部及下肢耐受限度,预测其损伤风险,并与实际伤情进行比较。结果表明:驾驶员颅骨、胸部肋骨等损伤指标都超过了人体的损伤耐限,这与尸检报告中驾驶员死于胸腹部脏器损伤、颅脑损伤死亡的结论相符。最后,针对事故案例重建结果,结合乘员损伤情况,本文从车辆结构的缓冲与吸能措施、货车尾部防撞栏、预紧限力式安全带、限力式吸能踏板等方面进行了相关分析,分析结果表明,货车尾部防撞栏的规范安装、预紧限力式安全带的使用及限力式吸能踏板等都可不同程度降低乘员伤害,并据此提出相关乘员安全防护的建议,指出交通安全隐患,为车辆改进提供支撑。
[Abstract]:With the development of economy in our country, the number of minivans in the underdeveloped areas is increasing rapidly, and the accident rate is increasing year by year. Due to the thin structure of the minivan body, the energy absorption zone and buffer zone are short, and the energy absorption zone and buffer zone are short. As a result, the occupants of the car are often seriously injured. Therefore, it is very important to discuss the accident regularity of minivan, the damage mechanism of occupants and its protective mechanism. Taking the front collision accident of minivan as the starting point, this paper studies the damage mechanism and protection of minivan driver by using finite element analysis and simulation technology, and provides reference basis for vehicle safety design. It has realistic economic and social significance. In this paper, the main research methods and conclusions are as follows: first, the in-depth investigation and analysis of the mini-van accident is carried out to clarify the characteristics and rules of the micro-van accident. The analysis results show that urban roads account for 74% of the road types and accident locations, and most of the accident sections are straight ones, accounting for 86%. From the passenger casualties, van and van accidents caused the most serious casualties, accounting for 45.3 percent of the total death toll. So this article carries on the accident reconstruction to the collision case of the minivan and the truck. Secondly, according to the results of the investigation and analysis of the accident depth, the most common van model in the accident database is selected, and the finite element model of the minivan is established and verified. In this paper, the accident reconstruction technology and finite element analysis software are used to reconstruct the rear-end collision case of a minivan. The results of mass increase curve, energy change curve, vehicle deformation and driver dynamic response process are extracted, and the reconstruction results are verified. The results show that the stability of the simulation model and the deformation of the vehicle are verified. The three aspects of driver's dynamic response in the collision process all have high accuracy, so we can carry on the next research and analysis. Thirdly, the finite element model of minivan-THUMS crew is constructed to reconstruct the injury process of human body in the accident. The equivalent stresses of skull, ribs and lower limbs of driver are extracted, and the tolerance limits of human head, chest and lower limbs are referred to. The risk of injury was predicted and compared with the actual injury. The results showed that the injury indexes such as skull and rib of driver exceeded the injury tolerance of human body, which was consistent with the conclusion that driver died of thoracic and abdominal viscera injury and craniocerebral injury in postmortem report. Finally, according to the reconstruction results of accident cases, combined with the damage of occupants, this paper analyzes the buffer and energy absorption measures of the vehicle structure, the rear collision bar of the truck, the pre-tightening force-limiting seat belt, the force-limiting energy absorption pedal, and so on. The analysis results show that the standard installation of rear collision bar, the use of pre-tightening force-limiting seat belt and the force-limiting energy absorbing pedal can reduce occupant injury in varying degrees, and according to this, some suggestions for safety protection of occupants are put forward. The hidden trouble of traffic safety is pointed out to provide support for vehicle improvement.
【学位授予单位】：重庆理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：U491.3;U467.14

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