黄河三角洲海岸带动态监测与影响因素分析

发布时间：2018-04-29 21:18

本文选题：海岸带 + 水深模型　；参考：《山东师范大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：一个国家沿海地区的经济发展水平高、资源环境压力小、人口集聚度高。快速而准确地测定海岸带信息，对于沿海地区的经济开发与海域的使用和管理具有十分重要的意义。由于入海河流泥沙的淤积、海洋动力的侵蚀、海平面上升以及地面沉降等自然条件的影响，以及人类港口的建设、人类填海造陆、沿海养殖等人类活动的影响，导致海岸带不断地发生着变化。对海岸带信息的提取不仅能够展示出海岸带近期将形成的轮廓，而且可以对决策者提供海域治理和海岸带地区经济可持续发展的依据。海岸带的传统测定方法是靠野外实地测量调查的法，，该方法耗费大量人力物力、工作效率低、周期长，并且获取的数据不易统计。遥感技术是建立在现代物理学、电子计算机技术、数学方法和地学规律的基础上的，其最大的优势为大面积的同步预测能力和多源数据的获取能力，而使遥感的方法在海岸带调查中具有显而易见的优势。本文以黄河三角洲海岸带为研究区，在国家自然科学基金项目“基于地表参量的污水灌溉区农田生态安全遥感监测研究”和山东省重大水利科研与技术推广项目“基于水沙变化的黄河三角洲高效经济区水资源安全保障与海岸带防护技术研究”的支撑下，利用遥感技术和地理信息技术，完成了黄河三角洲海岸带信息的提取，从时间和空间角度分析海岸带信息的动态变化，简要阐述了影响海岸带变化的主要因素。研究的主要内容和成果有：（1）对遥感影像的进行专题信息增强后，提取海岸带各专题信息，其中重点是被淹没在水下的低潮线的提取，本文依据遥感水深反演的方法，利用BP神经网络建立海水深度与遥感影像灰度之间的关系模型，反演出水深，再结合数字高程数据和潮汐资料推算出低潮线。（2）通过面向对象的计算机自动分类与人机交互相结合的方法对海岸带土地利用类型进行提取，复合遥感影像的光谱特征、几何特征、纹理特征和高程特征等作为分类的模板，与简单的根据光谱值的最大似然法分类相比，得到的分类结果精度更高。（3）从时间和空间上分析岸线变化和土地利用变化。结果表明，2002年至2012年期间，黄河三角洲海岸带变化比较明显。岸线的变化在不同时间、不同位置的表现各异，空间上看，黄河河口附近岸线逐渐向海推进，刁口附近岸线有向陆推进的趋势，两河口之间的岸线向海向陆摆动变化；时间上看，前期岸线变化幅度较后期变化幅度大。三角洲海岸带土地利用类型的变化主要表现在养殖场及盐田和荒草地的增加以及水库坑塘用地和浅海水域的减少；土地利用程度在国家政策干预下逐渐减少，滩涂湿地、沼泽湿地相互转化。（4）海岸带变化的影响因素分析说明，人类活动的影响对黄河三角洲海岸带变化产生了关键作用，其它自然因素是人为因素的反馈。
[Abstract]:The economic development of a country's coastal areas is high, the pressure of resources and environment is small and the population concentration is high. The rapid and accurate measurement of the coastal zone information is of great significance for the economic development of coastal areas and the use and management of the sea area. The influence of natural conditions, such as surface subsidence, as well as the construction of human ports, human land reclamation, coastal aquaculture, and other human activities, leads to the continuous changes in the coastal zone. The extraction of coastal information can not only show the outline of the coastal zone in the near future, but also provide sea area control and coastal zone for the decision makers. The traditional measurement method of the coastal zone is based on the field survey method, which takes a large amount of manpower and material resources, low working efficiency and long period, and the data obtained are not easy to be counted. Remote sensing technology is based on modern physics, electronic computer technology, mathematical methods and geoscience rules. The greatest advantage is the large area of synchronous prediction ability and the acquisition ability of multi source data, and the remote sensing method has obvious advantages in the survey of the coastal zone.
This paper takes the the Yellow River Delta coastal zone as the research area, and in the National Natural Science Foundation Project "remote sensing monitoring of farmland ecological security based on the surface parameters based on the surface parameters" and the major water conservancy scientific research and Technology Extension Project in Shandong Province, the water resources security and coastal zone protection of the the Yellow River delta high efficiency economic zone based on the change of water and sand With the support of protection technology research, the information extraction of coastal zone in the Yellow River delta is extracted by remote sensing and geographic information technology. The dynamic changes of coastal zone information are analyzed from the angle of time and space, and the main factors affecting the coastal zone change are briefly expounded. The main contents and results of the study are as follows:
(1) after the enhancement of the special information of remote sensing images, the special information of the coastal zone is extracted. The emphasis is on the extraction of the low tide line submerged under the water. In this paper, the relationship model between the depth of sea water and the gray level of remote sensing image is established by using the method of remote sensing water depth inversion and the BP neural network is used to establish the depth of water, and then the digital elevation data is combined. The low tide line is calculated by the tidal data.
(2) to extract the land-use types of coastal zone by the method of automatic classification of object oriented computer and human-computer intersection, the spectral features, geometric features, texture features and elevation characteristics of the composite remote sensing images are used as the classified templates, and the classification results are compared with the simple classification of the maximum likelihood classification according to the spectral values. The precision is higher.
(3) the change of shore line and land use change in time and space are analyzed. The results show that the change of the coastal zone of the Yellow River delta is obvious during the period from 2002 to 2012. The change of the coastline is different at different time and in different positions. In space, the coastline near the estuary of the Yellow River is progressively advancing to the sea, and the coastline near the Diao mouth has a trend toward land propulsion. The coastline between the two estuaries changes from the sea to the land. In time, the change amplitude of the early shoreline is larger than that in the later period. The changes in the land use types of the Delta coastal zone are mainly manifested in the increase of the farm and salt fields and the wasteland and the reduction of the reservoir pit and shallow waters; the land use degree is in the State Administration. Under the policy intervention, tidal flat wetlands and swamps gradually converge.
(4) the analysis of the influence factors of the change of the coastal zone shows that the influence of human activity plays a key role in the change of the coastal zone in the Yellow River Delta, and the other natural factors are the feedback of human factors.

【学位授予单位】：山东师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：P715.7;P737.1

【参考文献】