沈阳桃仙国际机场鸟类多样性及鸟撞物种分子鉴定研究

发布时间：2018-10-08 07:37

【摘要】：近十年来,全国各机场鸟撞事件及事故征候明显上升。国内外已有多个机场开展了鸟类调查及鸟撞防范的研究,沈阳桃仙国际机场全国吞吐量排名位前二十,周边地区环境复杂多样,鸟类多样性较大,鸟撞事故风险很高,但关于桃仙机场鸟类的调查研究文献未见报道。为了解桃仙机场附近的鸟类群落特征,给机场鸟类防范管理提供数据支持,预防鸟撞事故发生,作者于2012年9月-2013年8月在机场周围7 km范围内,采用样线法和样点法进行鸟类多样性调查。共布设3条样线和7个样点,涵盖居民区、农耕区、山地、林地和河流5种生境,共记录到鸟类35种,隶属于10目21科。计算了5种不同生境中鸟类多样性指数、分布系数及重要值等,并考虑了鸟类在桃仙机场范围内飞行高度对鸟撞风险的影响,采用重要值乘以风险系数的方法,将所记录到的鸟类分为严重危险、很危险、较危险和一般危险4个等级,其中严重危险的有树麻雀、苍鹭、喜鹊、红隼,很危险的有家燕、夜鹭、大山雀、家鸽等5种,较危险的有白尾鹞、绿头鸭、大斑啄木鸟、灰喜鹊等16种,一般危险的有赤胸鸫、大沙锥、鹌鹑、锡嘴雀等10种。基于上述研究结果,提出了桃仙机场鸟撞防范对策和建议。为在鸟撞事件发生后能够迅速而准确的对鸟撞物种进行鉴定,让机场安全管理部门能够迅速调整鸟类防范措施,对重点鸟类加以驱赶,本研究采用DNA条形码技术用Bird F1、Bird R1和Bird F1、Bird R2两对引物对7个鸟类样本的COI序列进行了扩增,构建了Neighbor-Joining(NJ)进化树并计算了Kimura-2-parameter(K2P)遗传距离。结果显示,7个样本与其对应的种类遗传距离为0.000-0.006,满足种内小于2%的认定,该结果表明DNA条形码技术适用于桃仙机场鸟撞物种的鉴定。而在构建NJ进化树及计算K2P遗传距离时发现绿头鸭(Anas platyrhynchos)与斑嘴鸭(Anas poecilorhyncha)在NJ进化树上聚为一支,K2P遗传距离为0.008。此结果证实DNA条形码技术对个别近缘种的鉴定结果存在一定偏差。
[Abstract]:In the past ten years, bird-collision incidents and accident symptoms at airports in China have increased significantly. Many airports at home and abroad have carried out bird investigation and bird collision prevention studies. Shenyang Taoxian International Airport ranks first 20 in national throughput, the surrounding environment is complex and diverse, the bird diversity is large, and the risk of bird collision accidents is very high. However, the investigation and study of birds in Taoxian Airport has not been reported. In order to understand the characteristics of bird community near Taoxian Airport, to provide data support for bird prevention and management, and to prevent bird collision, the author was in the 7 km range around the airport from September 2012 to August 2013. The diversity of birds was investigated by sampling line method and sample spot method. There are 3 lines and 7 plots covering 5 habitats including residential area, farming area, mountain area, forest land and river. 35 species of birds belonging to 21 families of 10 orders are recorded. The bird diversity index, distribution coefficient and important value in five different habitats were calculated, and the influence of bird altitude on bird collision risk was considered. The important value was multiplied by the risk coefficient. The recorded birds were classified into four categories: serious danger, very dangerous, more dangerous and general danger. Among them, the seriously dangerous birds were tree sparrows, herons, magpies, kestrels, and very dangerous five species, such as family swallows, night herons, tits, and pigeons. More dangerous are white tail Harrier, Mallard duck, big spot woodpecker, gray magpie and other 16 species, the general dangerous have red breast thrush, big sand cone, quail, tin mouth finch and so on 10 species. Based on the above research results, the countermeasures and suggestions of bird collision prevention in Taoxian Airport are put forward. In order to identify the bird collision species quickly and accurately after the bird collision incident, so that the airport security administration can quickly adjust the bird prevention measures and drive off the key birds, In this study, DNA barcode technique was used to amplify the COI sequences of seven bird samples using two pairs of primers, Bird F1O Bird R1 and Bird F1F1 Bird R2. The Neighbor-Joining (NJ) evolutionary tree was constructed and the genetic distance of Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) was calculated. The results showed that the genetic distance between the seven samples and their corresponding species was 0.000-0.006, which satisfied the recognition of less than 2% in the species. The results showed that the DNA barcode technique was suitable for the identification of bird collision species in Taoxian Airport. When constructing NJ evolutionary tree and calculating K2P genetic distance, it was found that the genetic distance between (Anas platyrhynchos) and (Anas poecilorhyncha) in NJ evolutionary tree was 0.008. The results show that the DNA barcode technique has a certain deviation from the identification results of individual relative species.
【学位授予单位】：辽宁大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：V328;Q958

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