黑碳气溶胶排放的研究与控制

发布时间：2018-01-15 22:09

本文关键词：黑碳气溶胶排放的研究与控制　出处：《河南师范大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：气溶胶是悬浮在空气中的微粒,是我国主要的大气污染物,也是导致大气能见度降低的主要魁首之一。大气气溶胶还可以通过对光的散射和吸收直接影响气候的变化或通过改变云的光学性质和存在周期间接影响气候。此外,大气气溶胶特别是气溶胶中的超细颗粒物还会危及人体健康,引发呼吸系统疾病及心血管系统疾病。在大气气溶胶中,有一类明显与大多数性质截然不同的叫作黑碳的组分,由于是气溶胶中主要的吸光物质,更可能倾向于气候致暖。由于黑碳气溶胶极小的粒径(一般小于1微米),使其对人类健康的危害更大。基于以上原因,开展对黑碳气溶胶的观测研究和排放控制具有非常重要的意义。为了更好的了解黑碳对空气污染以及气候效应的贡献,于2013年11月1日到2014年10月31日在中国环境科学研究院(北京)使用黑碳仪(Aethalometer)对黑碳的质量浓度进行了一年的连续监测,结合气溶胶浊度仪(Nephelometer)以及Thermo Sientific5030型颗粒物同步混合监测仪得到的数据,分析研究黑碳气溶胶浓度的变化趋势以及与SSA(单次散射反照率)的关系,发现北京黑碳气溶胶浓度日变化为双峰结构,黑碳气溶胶质量浓度峰值分别出现在6—8时和20—24时。而SSA变化趋势正好与黑碳气溶胶浓度的变化趋势相反,呈现出很好的负相关性。在二月份的重污染期间,黑碳气溶胶浓度和PM2.5浓度都很高,但黑碳气溶胶浓度变化与SSA(单次散射反照率)的变化趋势并没有像日变化那样呈现很好的负相关性。另外,为了更全面和准确地了解我国黑碳排放的情况,2014年9月,中国环境科学研究院大气环境研究所组织了9人调查团,在河北省保定市各级环保部门的配合下,入村展开农村能源消费调查。结果表明,河北农村燃煤量可能达到3500-4000万吨,是国家统计年鉴所发布数字的7-8倍,而且以散煤为主。由于农村的煤炭燃烧完全处于无控制的状态,黑碳的排放可能远超已有排放清单的数据。如果对农村燃煤加以控制,那么对于我国黑碳减排的贡献是巨大的。在研究组成果及文献资料的基础上,提出了我国黑碳排放的控制建议。第一,燃烧前控制:由于黑碳主要是由于含碳能源的不完全燃烧产生,如果我们用无碳或者低碳的能源来代替含碳量高的能源,那么黑碳的产生及排放就会减少;第二,燃烧中控制:正因为黑碳的产生是由于含碳能源的不完全燃烧,如果我们提高燃烧效率,黑碳的产量就会减少;第三,燃烧后的控制:黑碳是颗粒物的一部分,在能源燃烧后会随着粉尘一块排入大气,因此,可以通过粉尘的去除来协同完成。必须指出,黑碳的减排除了靠技术上的支持外,还需要政策上的配合。我国对于大气污染十分重视,在2013年的9月10日发布了《大气污染防治行动计划》,其中的控煤、淘汰黄标车等政策为我国黑碳减排在政策上提供了支持。
[Abstract]:Aerosols are particles suspended in the air, is China's major air pollutants, is one of the leading major leader of atmospheric visibility. The atmospheric aerosol can by light scattering and absorption of direct effects of climate change or by changing the optical properties of the cloud and the indirect effects of climate cycle. In addition, the atmospheric aerosol in particular in the aerosol ultrafine particles will endanger human health, causing respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. In the atmospheric aerosol, is called a kind of black carbon and most obvious distinct components, because it is light absorbing material mainly in aerosols, are more prone to climate warming. The tiny black carbon aerosol the particle size (typically less than 1 microns), making it more dangerous to human health. Based on the above reasons, to carry out research and observation of black carbon aerosol emissions control Has a very important significance. In order to better understand the contribution of black carbon on air pollution and climate effect, from November 1, 2013 to October 31, 2014 in China Environmental Science Research Institute (Beijing) the use of black carbon instrument (Aethalometer) concentration on black carbon was monitored for one year, with the aerosol turbidity meter (Nephelometer) and Thermo type Sientific5030 particles mixed monitor data synchronization, trend analysis of black carbon aerosol concentration changes and SSA (single scattering albedo) relationship, Beijing found that black carbon aerosol concentration diurnal variation of Shuangfeng structure, black carbon aerosol mass concentration peaks at 6 - 8 and 20 - 24 while changes coincided with the black carbon aerosol concentration trend SSA the opposite trend, showing a negative correlation. During the period of heavy pollution in February, black carbon aerosol concentration and PM2 The concentration of.5 is very high, but the black carbon aerosol concentration and SSA (single scattering albedo) the trend did not show a good negative correlation as the diurnal variation of it. In addition, in order to more comprehensive and accurate understanding of black carbon emissions in China, September 2014, Atmospheric Environment Research Institute of environmental Science Chinese the Department organized the investigation group of 9 people, in cooperation with the Hebei city of Baoding province environmental protection departments at all levels, in the village to investigate the rural energy consumption in rural areas of Hebei. The results showed that the amount of coal may reach 3500-4000 million tons, is 7-8 times the national statistical yearbook published by the digital, but mainly to coal. Because the rural coal combustion no completely in control of the state, black carbon emissions may be far more than the existing emission inventory data. If it is to control the rural coal, so is great for black carbon emission reduction in China. The contribution of composition and literature in the study of fruit On the basis, puts forward the suggestions of black carbon emissions in China. First, before combustion control: because black carbon is mainly due to the incomplete combustion of carbon energy, if we use carbon free or low carbon energy to replace high carbon energy, so black carbon production and discharge will second, reduce; combustion control: because black carbon is produced by incomplete combustion of carbon energy, if we increase the combustion efficiency, the yield will reduce black carbon; third, control after burning: black carbon is a part of the particles in the energy, after burning with a piece of dust into the atmosphere therefore, through the removal of dust to execute. It must be pointed out that black carbon emissions in addition to technical support, but also need to cooperate in policy. China attaches great importance to air pollution, in 2013 September 10th issued the "air pollution prevention action plan The policy of coal control and the elimination of yellow standard vehicles provides support for the policy of black carbon emission reduction in China.

【学位授予单位】：河南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X513

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