我国南部地区典型城市和背景区域大气污染变化特征研究

发布时间：2018-01-30 03:32

本文关键词： 气态污染物细颗粒物相关性聚类分析　出处：《兰州大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：由于对人体健康、生态环境以及气候变化具有重要影响,气态污染物和细颗粒物的研究已成为目前国内外大气环境研究的前沿与热点之一。近年来,国内对京津冀地区、长江中下游地区以及珠三角地区的大气污染研究较多,但对南方地区的大气污染物的观测和研究较少。本文利用2012年到2014年中国科学院大气物理研究所的气态污染物(N02与NOx、SO2、O3等)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)的观测数据,详细分析了我国南方两个典型城市(云南省昆明市、重庆市)和背景区域(海南省三亚)的大气污染物的日、月、季节和年变化规律及其成因,并通过后向轨迹分析了污染物可能的来源。主要结果如下：1.三个地区的O3浓度日变化均为午后单峰型,峰值均出现在下午15：00(北京时间)左右,这是因为午后紫外辐射逐渐增强导致臭氧生成率最高,同时对流输送最强,近地面臭氧汇最弱。受交通高峰和混合层高度变化的共同影响,昆明地区NO日变化呈‘早峰午谷”的特征,峰值出现在890；NO2浓度日变化呈双峰变化,峰值分别出现在890和2290左右；PM2.5浓度的日变化形式与NO2相同；S02浓度日变化不明显。重庆市北碚区NO与SO2浓度日变化呈单峰型的日变化特征,峰值分别出现在8:00和11：00;而NO2与NOx浓度日变化均呈双峰型的日分布规律,早高峰出现在8:0-9:00左右,而晚高峰出现在21:00左右；PM2.5浓度日变化也为双峰型分布,其峰值分别出现在8：00与21：00左右。三亚地区的NOx日变化呈早晚双峰型,N02日变化幅度比NO大,NOx的浓度主要由N02主导；O3和Ox呈现午后单峰型,峰值出现在15:00左右,Ox浓度主要受03浓度变化影响；PM2.5呈现早晚双峰型,峰值分别出现在8:00与17:00,且17:00峰值为一天中的最高值,这是交通高峰与混合层日变化有关。2.昆明地区干季的大气污染物浓度远远高于湿季。NOx季节浓度冬季最高,夏季最低；SO2和PM2.5的浓度在春季最高,夏季最低；03浓度的最高值出现在每年的4月份,与全国其他很多城市明显不同,这个春季高值与昆明位于云贵高原的特殊地形以及春季东南亚对我国南方的污染物输送有关,也与青藏高原东侧平流层臭氧春季向对流层输送有关。重庆市北碚大气污染物的季节变化与昆明城区的季节变化存在明显的不同,NO2、NOx以及SO2的季节浓度从小到大依次为夏、秋、春、冬；03的平均浓度从小到大依次为秋、冬、春、夏。三亚地区鹿回头镇冬季污染物浓度明显高于春季,与内陆风携带的污染物的输送有关。后向轨迹分析表明鹿回头镇的大气污染物受本地源和外来源共同影响,其中NOx与03浓度升高主要受内陆区域输送影响,而PM2.5的浓度升高主要受局地源控制。3.昆明城区N02与NOx浓度的年均值在观测期间均未超过国家一级标准,且逐年降低；S02浓度的年均值超过国家一标准；PM2.5浓度则超过了国家二级标准。重庆市北碚区N02浓度的年均值在观测期间分别为：31.4±11.1μg/m3、28.3±26.5μg/m3和16.9+16.71μg/m3；三年NOx浓度的年均值分别为：52.38±32.45μg/m3.50.64±42.47μg/m3和42.23±28.04μg/m3,其中2012年和2013年的浓度值超过国家一级标准；S02、PM2.5年均值浓度也呈逐年降低的趋势,但其浓度仍超过国家一级标准。昆明与北碚这两个城市站观测的NOx浓度的小时均值与日均值超过国家一级标准的情况极少,但其他污染物日均值的则会出现超过国家一级标准情况；昆明城区03-8hmax、SO2与PM2.5日均值超过国家一级标准的超标率分别为37%、12%、57%;重庆市北碚区的03-8hmax、SO2与PM2.5日均值超过国家一级标准的超标率分别为25%、18%、68%。昆明城区03浓度水平高于重庆北碚区,可能是由于昆明市位于云贵高原,紫外辐射较强有利于臭氧的生成；而重庆市太阳辐射弱,日照时间短从而导致这两城市的臭氧变化存在显著差异。昆明城区其他污染物浓度均低于重庆市北碚区,还与两地区城市的工业化水平有关。对于海南三亚背景地区,大气污染物浓度在整个观测期间都没有年均值超过国家一级标准。4.聚类分析结果表明,东南亚地区对昆明地区大气污染物的输送明显,主要发生在春、秋、冬三个季节;重庆北碚区大气污染受局地影响大,而受重庆之外大区域影响较小。海南三亚地区冬季气流主要来自大陆,其所携带的污染物造成空气质量下降；而秋季气流主要来自海面,对污染物有显著的稀释扩散作用。三亚背景地区鹿回头镇的空气质量优良,而西南城市地区空气污染较差。受局地与东南亚区域的影响,昆明城区在污染调制上不但要控制本地源,还要消减东南亚污染；重庆城区主要消减本地源。
[Abstract]:Due to human health, has an important influence on ecological environment and climate change, the research of gaseous pollutants and particulate matter has become one of the research hotspots and the atmospheric environment at home. In recent years, the Beijing Tianjin Hebei region, more research of atmospheric pollution in the region of Yangtze River and the Pearl River Three corners area, but the observation and research less air pollutants in the southern region. In this paper, from 2012 to 2014 Chinese Institute of Atmospheric Physics of gaseous pollutants (N02 and NOx, SO2, O3 etc.) and fine particles (PM2.5) of the observation data, a detailed analysis of two typical city in the south of China (Yunnan Province, Kunming City, Chongqing city) and the background region (Hainan, Sanya) of the atmospheric pollutants, month, season and year variation and its causes, and through the backward trajectory analysis the possible sources of the pollutants. The main results are as follows: 1. in three areas The diurnal change of O3 concentration for the afternoon peak, the peak value occurred at 15:00 in the afternoon (Beijing time), this is because the afternoon ultraviolet radiation gradually led to the increase of ozone production rate is the highest, while the strongest convective transport of surface ozone sinks, the weakest. Affected by the rush and mixed the height variation of the diurnal variation of NO the Kunming area is "the characteristics of early afternoon peak valley", peaked at 890; NO2 concentration diurnal change in Shuangfeng, peaking at about 890 and 2290; the diurnal variation of PM2.5 concentration and NO2 concentration of S02 in the same form; no obvious diurnal variation. Diurnal variation characteristics of Chongqing District of Beibei City, NO and SO2 concentration diurnal variation a single peak type, the peak values appeared at 8:00 and 11:00; while NO2 and NOx showed a diurnal variation of the concentration distribution in Shuangfeng on the first peak at about 8:0-9:00, while the late peak appeared at about 21:00; PM2.5 concentration change For Shuangfeng type distribution, the peaks appeared at around 8:00 and 21:00. The diurnal changes of NOx in Sanya area of Shuangfeng in the morning and evening, N02 daily variation amplitude is greater than NO, the concentration of NOx mainly led by N02 O3; and Ox showed single peak peak in the afternoon, at about 15:00, the concentration of Ox is mainly affected by the concentration of 03 effect; PM2.5 showed Shuangfeng sooner or later, peaking at 8:00 and 17:00, 17:00 and the highest peak of the day, this is the concentration of pollutants in the air traffic peak and diurnal variation of mixed layer about.2. in Kunming area is far higher than the wet season.NOx season was the highest in winter and lowest in summer; the concentration of SO2 and PM2.5 in the highest in spring and lowest in summer; the highest concentration of 03 occurred in April of each year, many are obviously different from the other city, the spring high value special terrain is located in the Yunnan Guizhou Plateau and Kunming and Southeast Asia in spring for me In the south of the relevant pollutant transport, and also on the east side of Tibetan Plateau in spring of stratospheric ozone to troposphere. Seasonal variation of seasonal variation of atmospheric pollutants in Beibei Chongqing city and Kunming city are significantly different, NO2, NOx and SO2 concentration from season in summer, autumn, spring and winter; the average concentration from 03 in autumn, winter, spring and summer. Sanya Luhuitou town in winter was significantly higher than that of pollutants concentration in spring, and in transporting pollutants carried by the breeze. The backward trajectory analysis showed that air pollution from Luhuitou town is influenced by local and foreign sources, which increased 03 and NOx concentration is mainly affected by inland regional transport effect, while the concentration of PM2.5 increased mainly by the Bureau of Kunming city.3. N02 source control and the annual average concentration of NOx during the observation did not exceed the national standard, and gradually reduce the concentration of S02; The average value exceeds the national standard; the concentration of PM2.5 exceeded the national standard level two. The annual average value of Chongqing District of Beibei city N02 concentration respectively during the observation: 31.4 + 11.1 g/m3,28.3 + 26.5 g/m3 and 16.9+16.71 g/m3; the average NOx concentration of three years respectively: 52.38 + 32.45 g/ + m3.50.64 42.47 g/m3 and 42.23 + 28.04 g/m3, which in 2012 and 2013 the concentration value exceeds the national standard; S02, PM2.5 annual average concentration also showed a decreasing trend, but its concentration still exceeds the national standard. Kunming and Beibei NOx concentration observation of the two city station hours mean and daily mean more than the national standard rarely, but other pollutants on the mean there will be more than the national standard; Kunming city 03-8hmax, exceed the standard rate of SO2 and PM2.5 daily average of more than the national standard were 37%, 12%, 57%; Chongqing Beibei District, 03-8hmax, SO2 and PM2.5 exceed the standard rate of daily average of more than the national standard were 25%, 18%, 68%. 03 concentration is higher than the level of Kunming city Chongqing District of Beibei, probably because Kunming city is located in the Yunnan Guizhou Plateau, strong ultraviolet radiation is conducive to ozone formation; Chongqing City weak solar radiation, sunshine time short which lead to significant difference in ozone changes of the two city. Kunming city other pollutant concentrations were lower than those of the Beibei District of Chongqing City, but also the industrialization level and the two areas of the city. The area of Hainan Sanya background, the concentration of air pollutants in the whole observation period no annual average of more than the national standard.4. cluster analysis showed that in Southeast Asia area transport of air pollutants in Kunming is obvious, mainly occurred in spring, autumn, winter three seasons; Chongqing Beibei area affected by the local air pollution, and Chongqing The outer region is less affected. In winter in Sanya area mainly from mainland Hainan air pollutants, with the decline in air quality caused; and autumn airflow mainly from the sea, there is the dilution effect on pollutants. The background of Sanya area Luhuitou excellent air quality and air pollution in the town of good and poor southwest area. Affected by the local city with the Southeast Asian region, Kunming city in pollution modulation not only to control the local source, but also reduce pollution in Southeast Asia; Chongqing city by local sources.

【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X51

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