辽河流域河流分类与生境评价研究

发布时间：2018-03-02 17:32

本文选题：河流分类　切入点：河段　出处：《山西大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：上世纪50年代以来,人口和经济持续增长,科学技术飞速发展,人类对河流的开发利用也日益加剧。河流的承载能力与人口增长和经济发展越来越不协调,河流管理面临威胁,其根本原因在于人类仅根据自己的需求管理河流,忽略了河流本身的生境状况和生态需求,不能根据不同河流的类型的具体现状进行管理,严重的影响了河流的生态系统。河流的生境质量影响河流生态的完整性,是维持河流健康的必要条件,也是河流健康评估与河流管理的重要依据之一,具有很重要的实践意义。为此,本文以辽河流域为研究对象,通过建立河段尺度上的河流分类方法,并根据河段尺度上的分类结果进行河流生境评价研究,为河流生境评价方法体系的进一步完善提供借鉴,为河流生态恢复、河流健康评估以及河道整治项目等提供参考依据。主要取得以下研究成果：(1)构建了河流等级、封闭度、河道数和蜿蜒度4个指标组成的河段尺度上河流分类指标体系,自上而下层级分类,采用封闭度(限制性河谷、部分限制性河谷、非限制性河谷)+河道数(单式河道、复式河道)+蜿蜒度(低度蜿蜒、中度蜿蜒、高度蜿蜒)+河流等级(干流、支流)的命名规则进行命名,最终将辽河流域3158个河段分成了20种河流类型。(2)根据河段分类结果进行野外河流生境实证调查。参考美国EPA河流快速评价方法体系,对每一种河段类型设置若干个采样点进行生境评价研究。评价结果显示：辽河流域不同类型的河流生境野外调查评价分值介于27-192之间,有479个有效点位。全流域38.5%的采样点生境质量等级为较好或好,主要分布在浑太河流域和辽河干流及其支流流域；45.7%的采样点生境质量等级为一般,东辽河、浑太河、辽河干流及其支流都有分布；16%的采样点生境质量等级为较差或差,主要分布在浑太河中下游。(3)差异显著性分析表明：20种河流类型的生境质量差异不显著；根据分类指标的分类结果做差异显著性分析,结果表明：不同河流等级的河流其生境质量有很大的差异,源头支流明显好于大型干流；不同蜿蜒度、不同封闭度的河流生境质量差异显著,单式河道与复式河道生境质量差异显著,河流生境主要存在河道破坏严重、河岸带干扰强烈、河岸带植被状况差以及人类干扰强度大等问题。鉴于我国的河流分类研究与生境评价都处于初步阶段,本研究初步尝试建立了河段尺度上的河流分类以及河段尺度上的生境评价研究。本研究中河流分类选取的指标、河流生境质量评价选取的指标和评价标准都有待于做进一步的生态调查来确定,逐步完善河流生境质量的评价方法,提高研究结果的可信度。本研究仅从河段尺度上对河流进行分类与评价,因此,需要进一步研究多尺度的河流分类与评价,全面了解不同河流类型的河流生境质量状况,为河流生态管理提供科学依据。
[Abstract]:Since -50s, population and economy have continued to increase, science and technology have been developing rapidly, and the exploitation and utilization of rivers have been increasingly intensified. The carrying capacity of rivers is becoming more and more inconsistent with population growth and economic development, and river management is facing threats. The fundamental reason lies in the fact that human beings manage rivers only according to their own needs, ignoring the habitat and ecological needs of the rivers themselves, and cannot be managed according to the specific conditions of different types of rivers. The quality of the river habitat affects the ecological integrity of the river, is a necessary condition for maintaining river health, and is also an important basis for river health assessment and river management. Therefore, this paper takes the Liaohe River Basin as the research object, establishes the river classification method on the river reach scale, and carries on the river habitat evaluation research according to the river segment scale classification result. It provides reference for the further improvement of the evaluation method system of river habitat, for the ecological restoration of rivers, river health assessment and river regulation projects, etc. The following research results are obtained: 1) the river grade and closure degree are constructed. The upper river classification index system, which consists of four indexes of river channel number and meandering degree, is classified from top to bottom level, adopting closure degree (restricted river valley, partial restricted river valley, unrestricted river valley) river channel number (single river course), The naming rules for river grades (main streams, tributaries) are named for the meandering degree (low, medium, high) of the river. Finally, 3158 reaches of Liaohe River Basin were divided into 20 river types. (2) based on the classification results of the river reach, the field river habitat was investigated empirically. Referring to the rapid evaluation method system of EPA river in the United States, Several sampling sites were set up to study the habitat evaluation of each type of river reach. The results showed that the field investigation and evaluation scores of different types of river habitats in Liaohe River Basin ranged from 27-192. There are 479 effective sites. The habitat quality grade of 38.5% sampling sites in the whole basin is good or good, and the habitat quality grade of 45.7% of the sampling sites mainly distributed in the Hun Tai River Basin and the Liaohe River main stream and its tributaries is fair, and the East Liaohe River, the Hun Tai River, the East Liaohe River, the Huntai River, the Dongliaohe River, the Huntai River, In Liaohe main stream and its tributaries, 16% of the sampling sites had poor or poor habitat quality grade, mainly distributed in the middle and lower reaches of Hun Tai River. The difference was significant. The results showed that there was no significant difference in habitat quality of 20 different types of rivers in Liaohe River. According to the classification results of the classification index, the difference is significant. The results show that the habitat quality of the rivers with different river grades is very different, the source tributaries are obviously better than the large trunk streams, and the meandering degrees of the rivers are different. The habitat quality of rivers with different closure degrees was significantly different. The habitat quality of single-channel and double-channel was significantly different. The main habitat of river was seriously damaged and the riparian disturbance was strong. In view of the fact that the study of river classification and habitat evaluation in China is at a preliminary stage, the vegetation condition of riparian zone is poor and the intensity of human disturbance is great. In this study, a preliminary attempt was made to establish the river classification on the river reach scale and the habitat evaluation study on the river reach scale. The indexes and evaluation criteria of river habitat quality evaluation need to be determined by further ecological investigation, and the evaluation method of river habitat quality should be improved step by step. Therefore, it is necessary to further study the classification and evaluation of multi-scale rivers in order to understand the habitat quality of different types of rivers. To provide scientific basis for river ecological management.
【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：P343.1;X826

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