长江中下游筑坝河流生态水文效应研究

发布时间：2018-04-14 01:36

本文选题：水利工程 + 河流生态系统　；参考：《华北水利水电大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：水利工程的建设和运行,满足了人们在供水、发电、灌溉、防洪等方面的需求,但在造福人们的同时也改变了天然河流的生态系统,影响了河流的生态环境,打破了河流的连续性,威胁了河流的水生生物生存。研究筑坝对河流的影响,有利于更正确的认识和了解河流生态环境问题,更好的维持河流生态系统的健康生命,从而实现人水和谐,这具有重要的理论和现实意义。本文以长江中下游江段为研究区域,选取宜昌站1956~2011年生态水文实测资料,以三峡、葛洲坝水利枢纽工程所控制的宜昌江段为研究对象,开展筑坝河流生态水文效应研究,同时分析了下游水文情势变化对重要鱼类——中华鲟生境的影响,从而为保护中华鲟种群资源提供修复措施。本文的主要研究内容及成果如下:(1)在分析河流生态系统结构和功能的基础上,探讨河流生态水文中生态流量的定义、计算方法等其他相关概念,并分析水利工程对河流生态水文中非生物要素和生物要素的影响。(2)采用线性倾向估计法、Mann-Kendall非参数秩次相关检验法对三峡水库下游宜昌站近56年的流量、水温、含沙量水文序列趋势性演变进行对比性分析,结果表明:三峡水库下游江段的枯水期流量呈整体上升趋势,其余月份均为下降趋势;秋、冬、早春季节内的水温表现为显著性上升趋势,其余月份表现为下降趋势;而含沙量在全年中均表现为显著的下降趋势;依据筑坝对下游河流水文要素年际的改变,分析出三峡和葛洲坝水利枢纽的建设对河流的天然状态改变较大,且三峡工程的影响程度更深。(3)通过三峡水库下游水文情势变化对重要鱼类中华鲟生境影响,采用主成分分析法,提取出流量和水温作为影响其繁殖期栖息地环境的主要影响因子,说明了中华鲟产卵活动的发生需要在水温达到允许值的前提下,当下游产卵场流域内流量的加大导致水位、含沙量以及流速等水力学条件发生能引起中华鲟产卵的变化范围时,中华鲟的产卵繁殖行为才会发生。(4)通过对宜昌站中华鲟繁殖期月均流量、水温、含沙量水文要素的序列进行分析,结果表明,期间内流量、含沙量显著减少,水温显著增加,结果表明了水利工程的建设改变了河流天然水文情势的同时改变了下游河流水生生物生活环境,甚至威胁其生存。(5)三峡水库下游中华鲟生态保护修复措施。分别从工程措施、非工程措施和管理措施三个方面进行论述。其中工程措施包括过鱼工程措施、人工模拟产卵场和分层取水口;非工程措施包括人工增殖放流和实时监测;管理措施包括生态调度和政府立法。在立法保护的同时应当加强监管力度,使得中华鲟的各种保护措施落到实处。
[Abstract]:The construction and operation of water conservancy projects meet the needs of people in water supply, power generation, irrigation, flood control and so on. However, it not only benefits people, but also changes the ecological system of natural rivers and affects the ecological environment of rivers.It breaks the continuity of the river and threatens the aquatic life of the river.The study of the influence of damming on the river is beneficial to understand and understand the river ecological environment more correctly, to maintain the healthy life of the river ecosystem, and to realize the harmony of human and water, which has important theoretical and practical significance.In this paper, taking the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River as the research area, the ecohydrological data of Yichang station from 1956 to 2011 are selected, and the ecohydrological effects of the damming river are studied by taking the Yichang section controlled by the three Gorges and Gezhouba Water Conservancy Project as the research object.At the same time, the influence of the change of the downstream hydrological situation on the habitat of the important fish, the Chinese Sturgeon, was analyzed, so as to provide the restoration measures for the protection of the Chinese Sturgeon population resources.The main contents and results of this paper are as follows: (1) on the basis of analyzing the structure and function of river ecosystem, the definition and calculation method of ecological discharge in river ecological hydrology are discussed.The influence of water conservancy engineering on non-biological and biological elements of river eco-hydrology is analyzed. (2) the method of linear tendency estimation and Mann-Kendall nonparametric rank correlation method are used to test the discharge and water temperature of Yichang Station downstream of the three Gorges Reservoir in recent 56 years.A comparative analysis of the trend evolution of hydrological series of sediment concentration shows that the flow rate in the lower reaches of the three Gorges Reservoir increases in the dry season and decreases in the rest of the month.During the early spring season, the water temperature showed a significant upward trend, and the remaining months showed a downward trend, while the sediment content showed a significant downward trend in the whole year; according to the interannual changes of the hydrological elements of the downstream rivers,The analysis shows that the construction of the three Gorges and Gezhouba water conservancy projects has a great change in the natural state of the rivers, and the three Gorges Project has a deeper influence on the habitat of the Chinese Sturgeon, which is important fish through the change of the hydrological situation in the lower reaches of the three Gorges Reservoir.Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract the flow rate and water temperature as the main factors affecting the habitat environment of the Chinese Sturgeon during reproductive period. The results showed that the occurrence of spawning activities of Acipenser sinensis needed to reach the allowable value of water temperature.When the increase of discharge in the downstream spawning yard resulted in the range of variation of the spawning of Acipenser sinensis due to hydrodynamic conditions such as water level, sediment content and velocity of flow.The spawning reproduction behavior of Chinese Sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis) was analyzed by analyzing the series of hydrological factors such as average monthly discharge, water temperature and sediment content during the breeding period of Acipenser sinensis in Yichang Station. The results showed that the discharge and sediment content decreased significantly and the water temperature increased significantly during the period.The results show that the construction of water conservancy project not only changes the natural hydrological situation of the river, but also changes the living environment of aquatic organisms in the lower reaches of the river, and even threatens its survival. 5) the ecological protection and restoration measures of the Chinese Sturgeon in the lower reaches of the three Gorges Reservoir.Respectively from engineering measures, non-engineering measures and management measures to discuss three aspects.Engineering measures include fish engineering measures, artificial simulation of spawning grounds and stratified water intake; non-engineering measures include artificial multiplication, discharge and real-time monitoring; management measures include ecological regulation and government legislation.At the same time, legislation should be strengthened to protect the Chinese Sturgeon.
【学位授予单位】：华北水利水电大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X143;S931.1

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