我国大气污染防治立法完善研究

发布时间：2018-04-19 11:04

本文选题：人气污染 + 防治法　；参考：《广西师范大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：随着我国工业化、城市化进程加快,机动车保有数量又持续激增,导致我国大气污染呈现出灰霾、光化学烟雾和酸雨等重叠交替发生,这主要是因为天然源和人为排放的NOX、S02、挥发性有机物、颗粒物等初级污染物对大气环境直接影响的同时,衍生出大气二次污染,使大气一次污染和二次污染同时发生,并呈现城市群效应,即在京津冀、长三角、珠三角等经济发达的地区尤为显著,并以它们为中心呈圈状向周围地区扩散,总体来说我国的大气污染形态已经由煤烟型污染向复合型大气污染转变,由局地单一的污染向区域性污染转变,这种严峻的趋势是研究当前我国大气污染防治法律制度的关键和难点所在。而我国现行大气污染防治法存在着“空架子”的嫌疑,只是一些原则性的规定,并没有具体的实施标准和细则,更没有关注到我国现阶段大气污染的主要影响因子(例如PM2.5、氮氧化物等)、大气污染的趋向和特征,严重欠缺可操作性和可执行性,这从根本上阻碍了我国大气污染治理的步伐。目前我国很多学者都在致力于研究我国大气污染的影响因子,本文通过研究借鉴相关科研成果,对我国大气污染的新趋势及其主要形式进行适当的阐述,归纳出我国大气污染物的主要来源及影响因子,着重提出了灰霾中PM2.5的前体物、二次源形成途径及影响因子,从而引出协同控制理念及针对性的配套措施,并依据我国复合大气污染区域化特征指出了联防联控的关键具体制度,同时借鉴研究美国、日本和欧盟的典型大气污染防治法律制度,提取适合我国国情适用的重要制度来弥补我国大气污染防治法存在的诸多不足,比如将排污权交易引入大气污染防治法律制度中,平衡大气环境治理与大气污染物排放者之间的关系,使行政调控和经济手段有效结合；扩大许可证制度的适用区域,真正全面实现从末端治理向主动预防的转变：借鉴欧盟大气清单管理制度,完善我国大气排放清单管理,为大气污染物排放总量控制制度建立科学有力的支撑;建立大气环境公益诉讼制度及相关配套措施,鼓励环境部门、社会团体和个人进行大气污染公益诉讼,开启我国大气污染公益诉讼的大门。此外,还对我国的大气环境监测制度以及公众监督制度等提出了一些具体的改善建议。
[Abstract]:With the industrialization of our country and the acceleration of urbanization, the number of motor vehicles keeps increasing again, which leads to the occurrence of haze, photochemical smog and acid rain, etc.This is mainly due to the direct impact of primary pollutants, such as natural sources and anthropogenic emissions of NOXN S02, volatile organic compounds, particulates, on the atmospheric environment, and at the same time derivative of secondary atmospheric pollution, so that both primary and secondary atmospheric pollution occur simultaneously.The effect of urban agglomeration is especially obvious in the economically developed areas such as Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and so on.In general, the pattern of air pollution in China has changed from coal smoke pollution to compound air pollution, from local single pollution to regional pollution.This austere trend is the key and difficulty in studying the current legal system of air pollution prevention and control in China.However, the current air pollution prevention and control law of our country is suspected of being "empty shelf". It is only a number of principled provisions, and there are no specific standards and rules for its implementation.Moreover, no attention has been paid to the main influencing factors (such as PM2.5, nitrogen oxides, etc.), the trend and characteristics of air pollution, which is seriously lack of maneuverability and implementability, which fundamentally hinders the pace of air pollution control in China.At present, many scholars in our country are devoting themselves to studying the influencing factors of air pollution in our country. Through studying and drawing on the relevant scientific research results, this paper makes a proper exposition of the new trend and main forms of air pollution in our country.The main sources and influencing factors of air pollutants in China are summarized. The precursors of PM2.5 in haze, the way of secondary source formation and the influencing factors are emphatically put forward, and the concept of cooperative control and corresponding supporting measures are elicited.Based on the regionalization characteristics of China's composite air pollution, the key specific systems of joint air pollution control are pointed out. At the same time, the typical legal systems of air pollution prevention and control in the United States, Japan and the European Union are studied.In order to make up for the shortcomings of the air pollution prevention and control law of our country, we should extract important systems suitable for our country's national conditions, such as introducing emissions trading into the legal system of air pollution prevention and control.To balance the relationship between atmospheric environmental governance and atmospheric pollutant emitters, to effectively combine administrative regulation and economic means, and to expand the applicable areas of the licensing system,To realize the transformation from terminal management to active prevention: to learn from the European Union's atmospheric inventory management system, to improve the management of China's atmospheric emission inventory, and to establish a scientific and effective support for the total emission control system of atmospheric pollutants;In order to open the door of air pollution public interest litigation in China, the public interest litigation system of atmospheric environment and related supporting measures should be established to encourage environmental departments, social organizations and individuals to carry out public interest litigation on air pollution.In addition, some suggestions for improving the atmospheric environment monitoring system and the public supervision system in China are put forward.
【学位授予单位】：广西师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D922.68

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