北京市典型功能区的景观热环境研究

发布时间：2018-05-04 01:27

本文选题：城市景观 + 功能区　；参考：《西南大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：在全球气候变化的背景下,城市不断向外扩张、景观属性改变、斑块破碎化加重、城市内部景观配置不合理,导致城市热环境逐渐恶化。为适应这种变化,本文基于移动监测,研究景观类型在城市热环境形成和维持中的作用。北京作为我国首都,既是政治、文化、经济中心,也代表了国内一些大都市的发展趋势。因此,研究北京市典型景观热环境特征,为改善城市居住环境和土地利用提供技术支持,也给其他类似城市的规划和建设给予指导和警示。本研究首先对北京市总体热环境特征进行文献调研和数据收集,通过市观象台和自动气象站的监测数据定量分析北京市近郊区-远郊区、城区.近郊区热岛强度基本特征及其时空变化。在此基础上,选择代表性的城市功能区,并在不同功能区选择代表性的景观类型,持续进行了12个月的野外移动监测。最后,利用野外监测数据分析了城市典型景观类型日间温湿度变化规律以及河流廊道的热环境效应。主要创新点和结论：(1)北京市气象站21年连续气温监测资料分析近郊-远郊气温差异,发现近郊与远郊保持相同增温率逐年升温,近郊-远郊区的气温差异波动缓慢、幅度小,且近郊与远郊的气温差异主要体现在最低平均温度上。自动气象站2014年1月～5月的观测数据显示,城区至近郊区,气温总趋势是逐渐降低。四环内,8：00～17：00时段气温近似相等,1：00～7：00和18：00～24：00两个时段内气温差异明显；五环附近的近郊区气温稳定性好。(2)移动布点监测获得了北京市典型景观日间地表-近地表环境数据。景观的结构、配置是城市“热”的主要内部影响因素。城市功能区内不同景观类型的日间温度、湿度变化强度不同,道路比林地、草地明显。地表与空气温度间的复杂关系体现出景观异质性。相对湿度指标不能灵敏地反映环境变化。对比城市公园和建筑用地景观热环境动态特征,发现城市公园温度低、空气湿润。最低温度是公园高于建筑用地,最小相对湿度是公园建筑用地,建筑用地景观温湿度变化剧烈。公园中林地景观地表与空气温度近似相等,而建筑用地中则是地表低于空气温度。(3)城市水体对周边环境的降温效应受时间和距离限制,20～30m宽的昆玉河对其垂直方向50m范围内的城市环境有降温效应。对比不同类型城市功能区中道路景观的温湿度指数,发现温湿度指数与城市功能区的类型有关；与其他城市道路相比,河流廊道的存在可以改善道路热环境,降低温湿度指数,增加人体舒适度。
[Abstract]:Under the background of global climate change, the urban thermal environment is gradually deteriorating due to the continuous outward expansion of cities, the change of landscape attributes, the fragmentation of patches and the unreasonable allocation of urban landscape. In order to adapt to this change, this paper studies the role of landscape types in urban thermal environment formation and maintenance based on mobile monitoring. As the capital of China, Beijing is not only the political, cultural and economic center, but also represents the development trend of some big cities in China. Therefore, the study on the characteristics of typical landscape thermal environment in Beijing provides technical support for improving the urban living environment and land use, and also provides guidance and warning for the planning and construction of other similar cities. In this study, the characteristics of the overall thermal environment in Beijing were investigated and collected, and the monitoring data of the observation station and the automatic weather station were used to quantitatively analyze the suburb of Beijing, the far suburb and the urban area. The basic characteristics and temporal and spatial changes of the intensity of the peri-suburban heat island. On this basis, the representative urban functional areas were selected, and the representative landscape types were selected in different functional areas, and the field movement monitoring was carried out for 12 months. Finally, the variation of daytime temperature and humidity in typical urban landscape types and the thermal environmental effects of river corridors are analyzed by using field monitoring data. Main innovation points and conclusions: 1) the 21 year continuous temperature monitoring data of Beijing Meteorological Station are used to analyze the temperature difference between the suburbs and the outer suburbs. It is found that the temperature increase rate between the suburbs and the outer suburbs is increasing year by year, and the temperature difference between the suburbs and the outer suburbs fluctuates slowly and the amplitude is small. The temperature difference between the suburbs and the outer suburbs is mainly reflected in the lowest average temperature. From January to May 2014, the observation data of automatic weather station show that the general trend of air temperature is gradually decreasing from the urban area to the suburbs. In the fourth Ring Road, the temperature of 8: 00 to 17: 00 is approximately equal in the period of 1: 00 to 7: 00 and 18: 00 to 24: 00. The temperature difference between the two periods is obvious, and the temperature stability of the near suburb near the Fifth Ring Ring is good. 2) the data of the daytime surface to near surface environment of typical landscape in Beijing have been obtained by moving spot monitoring. The structure and configuration of landscape is the main internal influence factor of urban "heat". The variation intensity of daytime temperature and humidity of different landscape types in urban functional areas is different, and the road is more obvious than woodland and grassland. The complex relationship between surface temperature and air temperature reflects landscape heterogeneity. The index of relative humidity can not reflect the change of environment sensitively. By comparing the dynamic characteristics of thermal environment between urban park and architectural land, it is found that the temperature of urban park is low and the air is humid. The lowest temperature is higher than the construction land and the minimum relative humidity is the park construction land. The surface of the woodland landscape in the park is approximately equal to the air temperature, In the construction land, the surface temperature is lower than the air temperature. 3) the cooling effect of the urban water body on the surrounding environment is limited by time and distance. The Kunyu River, which is 200-30m wide, has a cooling effect on the urban environment in the vertical direction of 50m. Comparing the temperature and humidity index of road landscape in different types of urban functional areas, it is found that the temperature and humidity index is related to the type of urban functional areas, and compared with other urban roads, the existence of river corridors can improve the road thermal environment and reduce the temperature and humidity index. Increase body comfort.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：P901;X16

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