不同类型土壤氨挥发特性和硝态氮累积的研究

发布时间：2018-06-24 01:09

本文选题：土壤类型 + 玉米　；参考：《吉林农业大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：近年来东北地区玉米施氮过量的现象非常普遍,不仅增加了氮素的损失,降低了氮肥的利用效率,影响了农业生产的经济效益,而且也会造成了大气和地下水体的污染,给人类的生产和生活带来了一定影响。为了明确吉林省玉米种植过程中农田氮素通过氨挥发和硝态氮淋失损失的数量和规律,提高氮肥的利用效率,本研究通过吉林省梨树县布置的相同气候条件的3点4年长期定位试验,研究了三种类型土壤即冲积土、黑土、风砂土在不同施氮水平条件下氨挥发特性和土壤中硝态氮累积情况,探讨不同类型土壤氨挥发和土壤硝态氮累积的差异,及不同施氮水平对氨挥发及土壤硝态氮累积的影响,以期为指导该区的氮肥合理施用和控制氮肥对环境的污染提供理论依据。本研究主要结果如下:1、在相同气候条件和相同施氮水平下,不同类型土壤氨挥发特性的研究结果,冲积土、黑土、风砂土的最大氨挥发速率分别2.19kg/(hm2·d)、3.94kg/(hm2·d)、6.63kg/(hm2·d),追时期的最大氨挥发速率分别为基施时期的2.1倍,2.6倍,2.5倍。冲积土、黑土、风砂土的最大氨挥发累积总量分别为27.29kgN/ha、31.69kgN/ha、45.18kgN/ha;氨挥发损失率分别为5.97%-7.50%、7.05%-8.68%、11.31%-12.70%,氨挥发强度的大小顺序为风砂土黑土冲积土;与土壤的pH呈正相关。2、不同类型土壤硝态氮累积情况,玉米产量和土壤中NO3--N累积量的大小顺序为冲积土黑土风砂土,当施氮量为240kg/ha时,三种土壤的玉米产量均达到最大值,且土壤的中NO3--N累积量不会造成地下水的污染;3、在玉米的不同生育期内,前期0-60cm土层中的NO3--N累积动态变化较大,主要与人为施氮和玉米的养分吸收有关,后期120-200cm土层中NO3--N累积动态变化较大,主要与NO3--N向土壤深层的淋洗有关;不同类型土壤中NO3--N累积动态变化的程度与其本身的土壤质地有关;4、当施氮量增大到一定程度时,土壤中氮素表观损失率的大小顺序为冲积土风砂土黑土,与玉米产量和土壤性质有关。综上所述,在相同气候条件和相同施氮水平下,不同类型土壤氨挥发强度的大小顺序为风砂土黑土冲积土,硝态氮累积程度的大小顺序为冲积土黑土风砂土;当施氮量增大到一定程度时,土壤中氮素表观损失率的大小顺序为冲积土风砂土黑土。且在施氮量为240kg/ha时,三种土壤的玉米产量均达到最大值,且土壤的中硝态氮淋失不会造成地下水的污染。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the phenomenon of excessive application of nitrogen in maize in Northeast China is very common, which not only increases the loss of nitrogen, reduces the efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer utilization, affects the economic benefit of agricultural production, but also causes the pollution of air and underground water body. Has brought certain influence to the human production and the life. In order to clarify the amount and regularity of nitrogen loss through ammonia volatilization and nitrate leaching during maize planting in Jilin Province, the utilization efficiency of nitrogen fertilizer was improved. In this study, three types of soils, namely alluvial soil, black soil, were studied by long-term positioning experiment of the same climatic conditions in Lishu County, Jilin Province. The characteristics of ammonia volatilization in wind-sand soil and the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in soil under different nitrogen levels were studied. The differences of ammonia volatilization and nitrate nitrogen accumulation in different types of soil and the effects of different nitrogen levels on ammonia volatilization and nitrate nitrogen accumulation in soil were discussed. In order to guide the rational application of nitrogen fertilizer and control of nitrogen pollution to the environment to provide a theoretical basis. The main results of this study are as follows: under the same climatic conditions and the same nitrogen application level, the ammonia volatilization characteristics of different types of soils are studied, alluvial soil, black soil, The maximum ammonia volatilization rate of aeolian sandy soil was 3.94 kg / (hm2 d) 2.19kg/ (hm2 d) 3.94 kg / (hm2 d) 6.63 kg / (the maximum ammonia volatilization rate in hm2 d), topdressing period was 2. 1 times, 2. 6 times, 2. 5 times of that in base application period, respectively. The maximum ammonia volatilization accumulative amount of alluvial soil, black soil and wind sand is 27.29 kg N / ha 31.69 kg N / ha 45.18 kg N / ha, and the loss rate of ammonia volatilization is 5.97 -7.50% 7.05 -8.68 and 11.31 -12.70, respectively. The order of ammonia volatilization intensity is alluvial soil of wind sand soil and black soil. There was a positive correlation between soil pH and soil pH. The yield of maize and the amount of no _ 3 N accumulated in soil were in the order of alluvial soil, black soil, wind sand, and different types of soil. When the amount of nitrogen applied was 240kg/ha, the corn yield of the three soils all reached the maximum. The accumulation of NO3 N in soil did not cause groundwater pollution. During the different growth stages of maize, the accumulation of NO3 N in 0-60cm soil layer changed greatly in the early stage, which was mainly related to artificial nitrogen application and nutrient absorption of maize. In the late stage of 120-200cm, the accumulation of NO3-N in soil layer is more dynamic, which is mainly related to the leaching of NO3-N to the deep layer of soil, and the degree of dynamic change of accumulation of NO3-N in different types of soil is related to its soil texture, and when the amount of nitrogen applied increases to a certain extent, the dynamic change of NO3-N accumulation in different types of soil is related to its soil texture. The order of apparent loss rate of nitrogen in soil is alluvial soil, aeolian sandy soil, black soil, which is related to maize yield and soil properties. To sum up, under the same climatic conditions and the same nitrogen application level, the order of ammonia volatilization intensity of different types of soil is wind sand black soil alluvial soil, and the order of nitrate accumulation degree is alluvial soil black soil wind sand soil; When the amount of nitrogen applied increased to a certain extent, the order of apparent loss rate of nitrogen in soil was alluvial soil, wind-sand soil, black soil. When the nitrogen application rate was 240kg/ha, the corn yield of the three soils reached the maximum value, and the leaching of nitrate in the soil would not cause groundwater pollution.
【学位授予单位】：吉林农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X144;X712

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