我国农用地土壤污染修复法律问题研究

发布时间：2018-07-14 21:12

【摘要】：2014年4月24日,十二届全国人大常委会第八次会议审议通过了修订后的环境保护法,其中新环境法第三十二条规定:国家加强对大气、水、土壤等的保护,建立和完善相应的调查、监测、评估和修复制度。首次将对土壤环境的修复工作以基本法的形式确定下来。2014年12月,全国人大环资委委托环境保护部起草的《土壤污染防治法(草案建议稿)》提交全国人大环资委。《土壤污染防治法》的立法工作正式被提上日程,预示着国家对土壤环境的保护踏上了一个新的台阶。土壤作为环境基本要素之一,是人类赖以生存、社会赖以发展以及生态文明赖以建设的基本条件。农用地土壤环境更是关系到国计民生,农用地土壤环境的好坏直接影响到我国国民的生计问题和我国的粮食安全,其重要性不言而喻。对于土壤污染问题的解决应当分为两个方面:一是预防,二是治理。由于过去对土壤污染问题重视度不够,再加之人们缺乏相应的土壤环境保护的意识,农用地土壤已经受到了各式各样的污染。因此,在农用地土壤污染防治问题上,不仅要设法加强对污染的预防措施,更多的应当关注于对已经受到污染的农用地土壤进行修复以及如何修复的问题,农用地土壤污染修复问题在农用地土壤污染防治工作中尤为重要。通过对相关资料的搜集和实地考察,农用地土壤污染的来源主要在于化肥污染、农药污染、农膜污染、养殖废弃物污染、农业生产和生活废物产生的污染以及工业生产及城市生活垃圾对农用地土壤的污染等几个方面。针对这些污染,现有的土壤修复技术主要包括生物修复技术、工程修复技术和物理—化学修复技术等。现有的土壤修复技术仍然需要进行完善,然而,一个更为棘手的问题在于污染土壤修复工作至今没有相关法律制度加以保障,以至土壤污染修复问题的解决缺乏相应法律依据。通过对当下有关土壤污染防治方面的法律制度现状进行分析,不难发现在土壤污染修复方面存在的一系列法律问题,如缺乏相应的立法、现有规定缺乏针对性、可操作性不强等。在对美国的超级基金法案进行研究对比之后,我们可以从中得到一些启示。在农用地土壤污染修复问题上应当建立一系列的法律制度对农用地土壤污染修复工作的开展加以保障。如严格责任制度,设定特定的责任主体以及归责原则,加强政府的行政管理职能以及建立完善的公众参与机制等等。解决农用地土壤污染修复问题,首先,应当制定专门的土壤防治法,以此为基础,建立系统的土壤污染防治法律体系,健全相应法律制度;其次,建立土壤污染与治理修复技术体系,为法律的出台和实施提供有力的技术支撑;最后,保障公众参与,调动普通民众对土壤污染修复的积极性,以保障农用地土壤修复工作的顺利进行。
[Abstract]:On April 24, 2014, the eighth meeting of the standing Committee of the Twelfth National people's Congress deliberated and adopted the revised Environmental Protection Act, in which Article 32 of the new Environmental Law stipulates that the state shall strengthen the protection of the atmosphere, water, soil, etc. Establish and improve the investigation, monitoring, evaluation and repair system. For the first time, the restoration of the soil environment has been finalized in the form of a basic law. In December 2014, The National people's Congress Environmental Supervision and Administration Commission commissioned the Ministry of Environmental Protection to draft the "draft proposal for the Prevention and Control of soil pollution", which was submitted to the National people's Congress Environmental Supervision and Administration Commission. The legislative work on the "Law on the Prevention and Control of soil pollution" was formally put on the agenda. Indicates that the country's protection of the soil environment on a new level. As one of the basic environmental elements, soil is the basic condition for human survival, social development and ecological civilization construction. The soil environment of agricultural land is related to the national economy and the people's livelihood. The quality of the soil environment of agricultural land has a direct impact on the livelihood of the people and the food security of our country. The importance of the soil environment is self-evident. The solution of soil pollution problem should be divided into two aspects: one is prevention, the other is control. Due to the lack of attention to the problem of soil pollution in the past and the lack of awareness of soil environmental protection, the soil of agricultural land has been polluted by all kinds of pollution. Therefore, in the prevention and control of agricultural land pollution, we should not only try to strengthen the preventive measures of pollution, but also pay more attention to the restoration of contaminated agricultural soil and how to repair it. The remediation of soil pollution in agricultural land is particularly important in the prevention and control of soil pollution in agricultural land. Through the collection of relevant information and field investigation, the main sources of soil pollution in agricultural land are chemical fertilizer pollution, pesticide pollution, agricultural film pollution, culture waste pollution, The pollution caused by agricultural production and domestic waste and the pollution of industrial production and municipal solid waste to the soil of agricultural land. In view of these pollution, the existing soil remediation technology mainly includes bioremediation, engineering remediation and physico-chemical remediation. The existing soil remediation technology still needs to be improved, however, a more difficult problem is that the contaminated soil remediation work has not been protected by relevant legal system, and even the solution of soil pollution remediation problem lacks the corresponding legal basis. Through the analysis of the current situation of the legal system on soil pollution prevention and control, it is not difficult to find a series of legal problems in soil pollution remediation, such as the lack of corresponding legislation, the lack of pertinence of existing regulations, The maneuverability is not strong and so on. After studying and comparing the superfund laws in the United States, we can draw some lessons from them. A series of legal systems should be established to ensure the restoration of agricultural land soil pollution. Such as strict liability system, setting up specific responsibility subject and principle of imputation, strengthening the function of government administration and establishing perfect public participation mechanism, etc. To solve the problem of soil pollution remediation of agricultural land, first of all, a special soil prevention and control law should be formulated, based on which a systematic legal system for soil pollution prevention and control should be established and the corresponding legal system should be improved. To establish a technical system for soil pollution and remediation, to provide strong technical support for the promulgation and implementation of the law; finally, to ensure public participation and mobilize the enthusiasm of ordinary people for soil pollution remediation, In order to ensure the smooth progress of soil restoration of agricultural land.
【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D922.68

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