脱脂脱水餐厨垃圾焚烧炉设计及实验研究

发布时间：2018-08-25 08:19

【摘要】：随着饮食行业的快速发展,大量的餐厨垃圾得不到妥善处理,已经严重影响到城市环境、人们的正常生活和身体健康。焚烧法是一种高效的餐厨垃圾资源化处理技术,其具有减量化、无害化和能源化等优点而备受重视。餐厨垃圾经筛选、破碎和蒸煮处理,分离出油脂,用于制作生物柴油,剩下的固体废渣经干燥后用作燃料,其简称为脱脂餐厨垃圾。因此,开展脱脂餐厨垃圾焚烧炉的设计与研究,实现清洁、高效利用脱脂餐厨垃圾具有重大的现实意义。本文研究主要包括以下三个方面:(1)对某餐厨垃圾处理中心的脱脂餐厨垃圾的基本特性进行研究。利用元素分析仪、工业分析仪、量热仪及热重分析仪研究了脱脂餐厨垃圾的基本特性,发现该脱脂餐厨垃圾是一种挥发分含量高,固定碳含量少,而热值不高的燃料。该燃料着火和燃尽特性比较好,而综合燃烧特性不是很高,升温速率有助于提高综合燃烧特性。(2)对脱脂餐厨垃圾灰渣熔融特性进行研究。采用灰熔融测试仪、SEM/EDX分析仪和XRD衍射分析仪对不同煅烧温度下灰的熔融性、形貌特征和灰中Na、Cl、K等元素的化合物存在形式进行研究,研究结果表明:不同灰化温度下,高灰化温度的灰较低灰化温度的灰变形温度高,软化温度、半球温度和流动温度变化不大;随着成灰温度的提高,灰的形貌由絮状逐渐变为颗粒状;在温度低于900℃时,脱脂餐厨垃圾灰渣中的Cl、K、Na元素主要是以KCl、NaCl形式存在;当温度高于900℃时,脱脂餐厨垃圾灰渣中大部分Cl、K、Na元素是以气态化合物的形式析出的。(3)脱脂餐厨垃圾焚烧炉燃烧污染物排放特性研究。根据脱脂餐厨垃圾的燃料特性、熔融特性及锅炉设计手册进行了焚烧炉的设计和搭建。在热态焚烧炉实验台上研究不同床料高度、床温、颗粒粒径及二次风率对焚烧炉燃烧污染物排放的影响。研究结果表明:较高的床温有利于NOx排放,但过高的床温会提高SO2生成,综合考虑合理的床温为850℃左右;NOx的排放受床料高度的影响较小可忽略不计,而SO2的排放受床料高度影响较大,综合考虑适宜的床料高度为300mm;颗粒粒径对NOx和SO2的排放影响比较大,综合考虑颗粒粒径应控制在2~3mm;综合NOx和SO2的排放规律来看,脱脂餐厨垃圾焚烧炉的二次风率应保持在20%左右。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of the catering industry, a large number of kitchen waste can not be properly treated, which has seriously affected the urban environment, people's normal life and health. Incineration is an efficient technology for the treatment of kitchen waste, which has the advantages of reduction, innocuity and energy. The cooking waste is screened, crushed and cooked, and the grease is separated and used to make biodiesel. The remaining solid waste is used as fuel after drying, which is referred to as defatted kitchen waste. Therefore, it is of great practical significance to design and study the incinerator of defatted kitchen waste, to realize cleanliness and efficient utilization of defatted kitchen waste. This paper mainly includes the following three aspects: (1) the basic characteristics of defatted kitchen garbage in a kitchen garbage treatment center were studied. The basic characteristics of defatted kitchen waste were studied by means of elemental analyzer, industrial analyzer, calorimeter and thermogravimetric analyzer. It was found that the defatted kitchen waste was a fuel with high volatile content, low fixed carbon content and low calorific value. The ignition and burnout characteristics of the fuel are good, but the comprehensive combustion characteristics are not very high, and the heating rate is helpful to improve the comprehensive combustion characteristics. (2) the melting characteristics of the ash and slag from defatted kitchen waste are studied. The melting properties, morphologies and compounds of Na,Cl,K in ash at different calcination temperatures were studied by means of sem / edX and XRD diffractometer. The deformation temperature of ash at high ashing temperature is higher than that of ash at low ashing temperature, and the temperature of softening, the temperature of hemispheres and the flow temperature change little. With the increase of the temperature of ash formation, the morphology of ash gradually changes from flocculent to granular, and when the temperature is lower than 900 鈩，

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