2014年中国主要大气污染物时空特征分析

发布时间：2018-12-08 15:23

【摘要】：本文采用环保部2014年全年中国161个地级城市重点监测的NO_2、SO_2、CO、PM2.5、PM10等大气环境污染数据,主要分析了161个地级城市2014年的空气质量现状以及年大气污染的季节和月度变化特征,并通过区域之间的比较分析以及各城市大气环境污染的差异分析,解释了影响中国不同区域大气污染变化的主要原因,得出了如下结论:(1)2014年中国不同区域空气质量现状方面:中国2014全年空气质量不容乐观。环保部重点监测的161个城市达标天数比例在21.37%~99.73%之间,平均达标天数比例68.49%。平均超标天数比例为31.51%,其中轻度污染占19.81%,中度污染占6.72%,重度污染占3.96%,严重污染占1.01%。PM2.5高浓度区主要分布在京津冀地区,山东中西部,河南中南部以及湖北大部分地区;PM10高浓度区主要分布在河北南部,新疆塔里木地区,其中库尔勒地区PM10年平均浓度达到232.62μg/m3;NO_2高浓度区主要分布在华北、长江三角洲平原、新疆乌鲁木齐等地区;SO_2高浓度区主要分布在华北、内蒙古中部地区;CO高浓度区主要分布在内蒙古中部、河北大部、山西全区、陕西大部以及河南、山东的西北部。按照城市环境空气质量综合指数评价,2014年空气质量相对较好的前10位的城市分别是拉萨、三亚、玉溪、厦门、海口、昆明、湛江、福州、曲靖、深圳;空气质量相对较差的前10位的城市分别是邢台、保定、衡水、邯郸、石家庄、淄博、聊城、济南、德州、菏泽。(2)2014年中国不同区域主要大气污染季节变化特征方面:PM2.5、PM10、CO、SO_2冬季污染最严重,这主要是因为我国北方冬季采暖,燃煤量增加,相应的增加了向空气中排放的废气量,加重污染;另外,冬季逆温天气出现的频率较大,不利于污染物的输送扩散,导致污染物浓度高。NO_2浓度季节变化特征不是特别明显,冬季浓度值略微高于其它各季节,说明我国NO_2污染主要是机动车辆尾气的排放和冬季燃煤取暖共同作用的结果。(3)2014年中国不同区域主要大气污染月度变化特征方面:全国七个地区AQI(空气质量指数)月度变化特征总体一致,每个地区仍有差异,从时间特征看,AQI 5~9月前后是一年之中的最低值,而在11~翌年2月达到一年之中的最大值,这种现象在我国北方地区更加明显。说明PM2.5污染是影响AQI的主要因子。空间特征来看,我国AQI指数整体东部地区大于西部地区,其中华北地区是我国AQI指数最高的地区,而华南地区的AQI整体最好。(4)污染城市及其影响因素分析方面:通过SPSS19.0软件对环保部监测的161城市大气污染影响因子通过主成分分析和聚类分析分别得出我国的大气污城市及其影响因素基本保持一致。
[Abstract]:In this paper, NO_2,SO_2,CO,PM2.5,PM10 and other air pollution data from 161 prefecture-level cities monitored by the Ministry of Environmental Protection in 2014 are used. The present situation of air quality in 161 prefectural cities in 2014 and the seasonal and monthly variation characteristics of annual air pollution are analyzed. This paper explains the main reasons that affect the change of air pollution in different regions of China, and draws the following conclusions: (1) the air quality in different regions of China in 2014 is not optimistic in the whole year of 2014. The proportion of the number of days in 161 cities monitored by the Ministry of Environmental Protection was between 21.37% and 99.73%, and the average number of days reached the standard was 68.49%. The average number of days exceeding the standard was 31.51, of which 19.81 were mild pollution, 6.72 were moderate pollution, 3.96 were severe pollution, and the serious pollution was mainly in the high concentration area of 1.01%.PM2.5 in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area. Central and western Shandong, central and southern Henan, and most of Hubei; The high concentration of PM10 is mainly distributed in southern Hebei and Tarim region of Xinjiang, in which the annual average concentration of PM10 in Korla is 232.62 渭 g / m ~ (3) no _ 2, mainly in North China, Yangtze River Delta Plain, Urumqi, Xinjiang, etc. The high concentration area of SO_2 is mainly distributed in North China and the central part of Inner Mongolia, and the high concentration area of CO is mainly distributed in the middle of Inner Mongolia, most of Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and the northwest of Henan and Shandong. The top 10 cities with relatively good air quality in 2014 were Lhasa, Sanya, Yuxi, Xiamen, Haikou, Kunming, Zhanjiang, Fuzhou, Qujing, Shenzhen. The top 10 cities with relatively poor air quality are Xingtai, Baoding, Hengshui, Handan, Shijiazhuang, Zibo, Liaocheng, Jinan and Texas. Heze. (2) the seasonal variation of main air pollution in different regions of China in 2014: PM2.5,PM10,CO,SO_2 pollution is the most serious in winter, which is mainly due to the heating in northern China in winter and the increase of coal burning. The amount of exhaust gas discharged into the air is increased accordingly, and the pollution is aggravated; In addition, the frequency of inverse temperature weather in winter is larger, which is not conducive to the transport and diffusion of pollutants, resulting in the high concentration of pollutants. The seasonal variation of NO_2 concentration is not particularly obvious, and the winter concentration is slightly higher than that of other seasons. It shows that NO_2 pollution in China is mainly the result of the combined effect of motor vehicle exhaust emissions and coal burning and heating in winter. (3) monthly variation characteristics of major air pollution in different regions of China in 2014: AQI in seven regions of China ( Air quality Index). From the point of view of time characteristics, AQI is the lowest value in one year from May to September, and reaches the maximum value in one year from November to February of next year. This phenomenon is more obvious in northern China. It shows that PM2.5 pollution is the main factor affecting AQI. In terms of spatial characteristics, the eastern part of China's AQI index is larger than the western region, and North China is the region with the highest AQI index. The AQI in South China is the best. (4) the pollution cities and their influencing factors are analyzed by SPSS19.0 software. The main component analysis and cluster analysis are used to analyze the air pollution factors monitored by the Ministry of Environmental Protection. The air pollution city of our country and its influencing factors are basically consistent.
【学位授予单位】：青海师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X51

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