重庆市老龙洞地下河流域岩溶地下水粪便指示菌环境指示意义的研究
发布时间：2019-07-01 15:11
【摘要】：岩溶区特殊的地质“双层结构”,造成地表严重缺水而地下水特别丰富的现象,因此岩溶区地下水是岩溶区最重要的水源。随着城市化进程不断加快,城镇污水、生活垃圾、以及农业生产污水等成为西南地区岩溶地下水面临的严峻问题。重庆市南山老龙洞地下河为典型的生活垃圾污染,研究区地下河常年不断流,所属城镇没有完善的生活污水、生活垃圾处理设施,对生活污水和垃圾的处理基本上采用的是原始的阴渠和暗渠排放,甚至是地表排放,最终利用落水洞排入地下河。目前,地下河水质污染严重。相关学者致力于研究人类活动影响下的岩溶地下水环境的物理化学过程,对岩溶地下水污染的微生物过程研究偏弱,岩溶区地下水中的微生物数量的空间与季节上的差异可以反映出人类活动和城市化程度。探讨城镇化进程中地下水环境的演变机理,岩溶水微生物时空变化的研究显得尤其重要,为岩溶地下水资源的合理有效利用、流域健康与疾病防治等提供科学依据。城市的水资源和改善居住环境的可持续利用对策喀斯特市地下水系统的影响研究有重要意义。本研究选取重庆市南山老龙洞流域地下水为研究对象,在2014.1～2015.1进行野外样品采集与实验室分析工作。采样点依次为：小院儿井、仙女洞天窗、龙井X]井、高东寺1井、高东寺2井、老龙洞地下河出口、赵家院子井,分别简称为1#-8#。在该水文年内采集的地下水样品进行室内理化性质检测,对四种粪便指示菌TC(细菌总数)、EC(大肠菌群)、FC(粪大肠菌群)、FS(粪链球菌)采用滤膜法计数,在SPSS统计学相关性分析方法的支持下对老龙洞流域地下水污染时空分布特征进行研究,初步获得以下结论：(1)南山老龙洞流域地下水化学组成类型是Ca-Mg-SO4型。8个采样点水质硬度普遍较高,其中则1#、2#、4#、8#地下水为硬水,3#、5#、6#、7#地下水属于中硬水,K+、Na+含量在各采样点都呈现较高水平,并超过自然水平之下的K+、Na+含量,SO42-、Cl-浓度超过国家标准的数量极少,S042-检出率仅为3%,而Cl-则未检出。N03-在地下水中的污染程度居高不下,检出率为75%。这与其地表的人类日常生活、工农业活动强度有较大的关系。城市化较快的上游地区1#、2#、3#以及混合型污染区7#、8#的K+、Na+含量高于农业生产活动为主的4#、5#、6#。(2)老龙洞流域地下水居民生活用水中的四种粪便指示菌季节分布上显示出夏秋季节升高,春、冬季节污染数量下降的趋势,但是各个采样点的微生物指示菌季节变化各有差异,不同于河流或者海洋中的细菌群落具有明显而一致的季节变化。岩溶区地下水水温保持恒定,并不随季节变化而有大的改变,因此水温并不是造成岩溶区地下水微生物季节性变化的主要原因。采样点均位于地势较低的谷底,周围密布着居民区和小型手工业作坊和工厂,其产生的生活污水和工业废水直接排放到环境中。5-10月重庆雨季来临,将环境中的污水顺地势汇入谷底,最终通过落水洞进入地下暗河,汇入地下河的降水携带了大量的粪便污染,促使地下水中的粪便污染指示菌数量猛增。(3)研究区地下水的粪便指示微生物的分布具有较大的空间差异性,受季节性影响较大。所有采样点的粪便污染程度都很高,其中以7#最为严重,超过国家地下水标准的37.6-2.92×105倍。5#污染程度最低,但仍是国家地下水标准的22.5～1.57×104倍。7#微生物污染最为严重,秋季细菌总数量达到1.5×107 CFU/mL,大肠杆菌群数为1.4×105 CFU/mL,7#地下水属于重度微生物污染,为多菌区。5#周围是农田,主要从事耕种、农田灌溉等生产活动,附近鲜少有居民,其产生的生活污水较少,且水质清澈,水质最好。1#、3#这两个采样点位于流域上游地区,伴随城市化发展,受人类活动影响较大,微生物污染也随之增多,其总细菌数量水平相对较高,仅次于7#。4#、6#、8#这三个采样点的地表环境以农业生产活动为主,8#附近为耕地,该井水主要用于灌溉农田,居民洗衣服等。(4)本研究区所有采样点水质中微生物超标严重,粪便污染是本研究区污染的主要来源。通过对FC/FS比值进行粪便污染来源的初步研究判断：夏秋季节降水量较多的时期,其中1#、2#、3#这三个采样点的FC/FS比值达到103以上,可以推测这三处地下水粪便污染主要来源于人类的生活废水；7#地下水粪便污染在一年内全部显示为人类粪便污染,可能由于这三处地下水来自于流域内多条地下河分支,流经地区很多都属于居民区和工业区,其中绝大多数都是人类生活污水。3#、8#在一年当中受人类粪便污染影响也较大,其他各采样点的比值都呈现季节性变化,夏季,1-3#,7#、8#比值远大于4.0,秋季,1#,3-8#比值大于4.0,污染来源主要是人类生活污水与粪便,即夏秋季节地下水粪便污染生物来源主要是人类。(5)由于岩溶区独特的地下空间结构,垂直连通性要远大于水平方向的连通性,采样点地表环境对于微生物污染空间差异性有重要影响。短期的降水状况及地表人类活动的差异都会引起采样点微生物数量的较大变化。同一地区不同采样点的地下河水化学特征季节、空间差异都较为明显,可能与区域内降水强度和人类活动强度有关。总而言之,造成研究区微生物污染的原因比较复杂：特殊的水文地质背景、农业生产活动造成的污染物排放以及城市化过程中未能完善的生活污水收集与处理装置缺乏,造成大量营养盐类进入地下水,促进了水中微生物的生长繁荣；此外,城市化过程使得城乡结合部居民增加,地下水中微生物污染物来源数量,从而城市化影响下的地下水微生物污染程度要远高于农业生产活动为主要污染源的地下水。
[Abstract]:The special geological "double-layer structure" in the karst area is the most important water source in the karst area. With the increasing process of urbanization, urban sewage, domestic garbage, and agricultural production sewage have become a serious problem in the karst groundwater in the southwest. The underground river of the Longdong, Nanshan, Chongqing is a typical domestic garbage pollution. The underground river of the research area is continuously flowing, and there are no perfect domestic sewage and domestic garbage treatment facilities in the town, and the treatment of domestic sewage and garbage is basically adopted as the original sewer and the dark canal. And even surface discharge, and finally discharged into the underground river by using the water falling hole. At present, the water quality of the underground river is seriously polluted. The research of the physical and chemical process of the karst groundwater environment under the influence of human activity, the study of the microbial process of the groundwater pollution in the karst area is weak, and the spatial and seasonal difference of the number of microorganisms in the groundwater in the karst area can reflect the human activity and the degree of urbanization. The paper discusses the evolution mechanism of the groundwater environment in the process of urbanization, and the study of the space-time variation of the karst water micro-organisms is of particular importance, which provides the scientific basis for the rational and effective utilization of the karst groundwater resources, the health of the river basin and the prevention and control of the disease. The sustainable utilization of the urban water resources and the improvement of the living environment is of great significance to the research of the groundwater system in the karst city. In this study, the groundwater in the Longdong river basin of Nanshan, Chongqing is selected as the research object, and the field sample collection and laboratory analysis are carried out in 2014.1-2015.1. The sampling points are: the small courtyard, the fairy cave skylight, the Longjing X] well, the high Dongsi 1 well, the high Dongsi 2 well, the old Longdong underground river outlet, and the Zhao Jiayuan well, respectively, the short name is 1 #-8 #. The groundwater samples collected during the hydrological year are tested for indoor physical and chemical properties, and the four stool indicator strains TC (total bacterial count), EC (coliform group), FC (faecal coliform) and FS (Streptococcus faecalis) are counted by a filter membrane method, The spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater pollution in the old Longdong river basin is studied with the support of the SPSS statistical correlation analysis method. The following conclusions are obtained: (1) The chemical composition type of the groundwater in the old Longdong river basin is the Ca-Mg-SO4 type. The water quality of the eight sampling points is generally higher, of which 1 #, The groundwater of 2 #,4 # and 8 # is hard water,3 #,5 #,6 # and 7 # ground water belong to medium-hard water, and the K + and Na + content are at a high level at all sampling points, and the K +, Na + content, SO42-, The concentration of Cl-in excess of the national standard is very small, the detection rate of S042 is only 3%, and the Cl-concentration is not detected. The pollution level of N03-in groundwater is high, and the detection rate is 75%. This has a great relationship with the human daily life of the human surface and the intensity of industrial and agricultural activities. 1 #,2 #,3 # and 7 #,8 # K +, Na + content in the upper reaches of the rapid urbanization are higher than that of the 4 #,5 # and 6 # in the agricultural production activities. (2) The seasonal distribution of four kinds of faecal indicating bacteria in the living water of the groundwater in the old Longdong river basin shows the trend of decreasing the number of pollution in the spring and winter, but the seasonal variation of the microbial indicator bacteria of each sampling point is different. The bacterial community, which is different from the river or the sea, has a distinct and consistent season change. The water temperature of the groundwater in the karst area is kept constant and does not change with the change of the seasons, so the water temperature is not the main cause of the seasonal variation of the groundwater in the karst area. The sampling points are located at the bottom of the low-lying area, and the surrounding areas are densely covered with residential areas and small-scale handicraft workshops and factories, and the domestic sewage and industrial waste water generated by the sampling points are directly discharged into the environment. In the end, the underground river is entered through the water-dropping hole, and the precipitation of the underground river is carried with a large amount of stool pollution, so that the number of fecal pollution indicating bacteria in the underground water is increased. (3) The stool of the groundwater in the study area indicates that the distribution of the microorganisms has a large spatial difference and is affected by the seasonal influence. The degree of fecal pollution of all sampling points is high, in which 7 # is the most serious, which exceeds the national groundwater standard of 37.6-2.92-105-fold. The pollution level of 5 # is the lowest, but is still 22.5-1.57-104-fold.7 # is the most serious and the total number of bacteria in the fall reaches 1.5-107 CFU/ mL. The number of colibacillosis is 1.4 to 105 CFU/ mL, and 7 # ground water belongs to severe microbial contamination, and is a multi-colony area. The surrounding area is farmland, mainly engaged in the production activities such as farming, farm irrigation and other production activities. There are few residents nearby, and the generated domestic sewage is less, and the water quality is clear and the water quality is the best.1 #, The two sampling points are located in the upper reaches of the river basin, with the development of urbanization, the influence of human activity is large, and the microbial contamination is increased, and the total bacterial number is relatively high, only after 7 #.4 #,6 #, The surface environment of the three sampling points of the 8 # is mainly agricultural production activities, and the vicinity of 8 # is cultivated land. The well water is mainly used to irrigate farmland and residents to wash clothes and so on. (4) The water quality of all sampling points in the study area is in excess of the standard, and the stool pollution is the main source of the pollution in the study area. The results of the preliminary study on the source of the fecal pollution from the ratio of FC/ FS: the ratio of the FC/ FS of the three sampling points of 1 #,2 #, and 3 # is more than 103 in the summer and autumn season, and it can be assumed that the three groundwater faecal pollution mainly comes from the human's domestic wastewater; The 7 # ground water fecal pollution is all shown to be human excrement pollution within one year, and may be due to the three underground water flows from the river basin, many of which belong to the residential area and the industrial area, most of which are human domestic sewage. 8 # is affected by human excrement pollution in one year, and the ratio of other sampling points is seasonal, and the ratio of 1-3 #,7 # and 8 # is much greater than 4.0 in summer, and the ratio of 1 # and 3-8 # is greater than 4.0 in autumn, and the pollution source is mainly human sewage and feces. That is, the source of the biological source of the groundwater in the summer and autumn is the human being. (5) Because of the unique underground space structure of the karst area, the vertical connectivity is far greater than that of the horizontal direction, and the surface environment of the sampling point has an important influence on the space difference of the microbial contamination. The short-term precipitation condition and the difference of surface human activity can cause a large change in the number of microorganisms in the sampling point. The spatial difference of the underground river water in different sampling points in the same area is more obvious, which may be related to the intensity of water drop and the intensity of human activity in the region. In conclusion, the causes of microbial contamination in the research area are complicated: special hydrogeological background, pollutant discharge caused by agricultural production activities and the lack of a well-established domestic sewage collection and treatment device in the process of urbanization, causing a large amount of nutrient salts to enter the ground water, The growth and prosperity of the microorganisms in the water are promoted. In addition, the process of urbanization has led to the increase of the residents in the urban and rural areas and the number of microbial contamination sources in the groundwater, so that the degree of microbial contamination of the underground water under the influence of urbanization is much higher than that of the main pollution source in the activity of the agricultural production.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X523
本文编号：2508591
[Abstract]:The special geological "double-layer structure" in the karst area is the most important water source in the karst area. With the increasing process of urbanization, urban sewage, domestic garbage, and agricultural production sewage have become a serious problem in the karst groundwater in the southwest. The underground river of the Longdong, Nanshan, Chongqing is a typical domestic garbage pollution. The underground river of the research area is continuously flowing, and there are no perfect domestic sewage and domestic garbage treatment facilities in the town, and the treatment of domestic sewage and garbage is basically adopted as the original sewer and the dark canal. And even surface discharge, and finally discharged into the underground river by using the water falling hole. At present, the water quality of the underground river is seriously polluted. The research of the physical and chemical process of the karst groundwater environment under the influence of human activity, the study of the microbial process of the groundwater pollution in the karst area is weak, and the spatial and seasonal difference of the number of microorganisms in the groundwater in the karst area can reflect the human activity and the degree of urbanization. The paper discusses the evolution mechanism of the groundwater environment in the process of urbanization, and the study of the space-time variation of the karst water micro-organisms is of particular importance, which provides the scientific basis for the rational and effective utilization of the karst groundwater resources, the health of the river basin and the prevention and control of the disease. The sustainable utilization of the urban water resources and the improvement of the living environment is of great significance to the research of the groundwater system in the karst city. In this study, the groundwater in the Longdong river basin of Nanshan, Chongqing is selected as the research object, and the field sample collection and laboratory analysis are carried out in 2014.1-2015.1. The sampling points are: the small courtyard, the fairy cave skylight, the Longjing X] well, the high Dongsi 1 well, the high Dongsi 2 well, the old Longdong underground river outlet, and the Zhao Jiayuan well, respectively, the short name is 1 #-8 #. The groundwater samples collected during the hydrological year are tested for indoor physical and chemical properties, and the four stool indicator strains TC (total bacterial count), EC (coliform group), FC (faecal coliform) and FS (Streptococcus faecalis) are counted by a filter membrane method, The spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater pollution in the old Longdong river basin is studied with the support of the SPSS statistical correlation analysis method. The following conclusions are obtained: (1) The chemical composition type of the groundwater in the old Longdong river basin is the Ca-Mg-SO4 type. The water quality of the eight sampling points is generally higher, of which 1 #, The groundwater of 2 #,4 # and 8 # is hard water,3 #,5 #,6 # and 7 # ground water belong to medium-hard water, and the K + and Na + content are at a high level at all sampling points, and the K +, Na + content, SO42-, The concentration of Cl-in excess of the national standard is very small, the detection rate of S042 is only 3%, and the Cl-concentration is not detected. The pollution level of N03-in groundwater is high, and the detection rate is 75%. This has a great relationship with the human daily life of the human surface and the intensity of industrial and agricultural activities. 1 #,2 #,3 # and 7 #,8 # K +, Na + content in the upper reaches of the rapid urbanization are higher than that of the 4 #,5 # and 6 # in the agricultural production activities. (2) The seasonal distribution of four kinds of faecal indicating bacteria in the living water of the groundwater in the old Longdong river basin shows the trend of decreasing the number of pollution in the spring and winter, but the seasonal variation of the microbial indicator bacteria of each sampling point is different. The bacterial community, which is different from the river or the sea, has a distinct and consistent season change. The water temperature of the groundwater in the karst area is kept constant and does not change with the change of the seasons, so the water temperature is not the main cause of the seasonal variation of the groundwater in the karst area. The sampling points are located at the bottom of the low-lying area, and the surrounding areas are densely covered with residential areas and small-scale handicraft workshops and factories, and the domestic sewage and industrial waste water generated by the sampling points are directly discharged into the environment. In the end, the underground river is entered through the water-dropping hole, and the precipitation of the underground river is carried with a large amount of stool pollution, so that the number of fecal pollution indicating bacteria in the underground water is increased. (3) The stool of the groundwater in the study area indicates that the distribution of the microorganisms has a large spatial difference and is affected by the seasonal influence. The degree of fecal pollution of all sampling points is high, in which 7 # is the most serious, which exceeds the national groundwater standard of 37.6-2.92-105-fold. The pollution level of 5 # is the lowest, but is still 22.5-1.57-104-fold.7 # is the most serious and the total number of bacteria in the fall reaches 1.5-107 CFU/ mL. The number of colibacillosis is 1.4 to 105 CFU/ mL, and 7 # ground water belongs to severe microbial contamination, and is a multi-colony area. The surrounding area is farmland, mainly engaged in the production activities such as farming, farm irrigation and other production activities. There are few residents nearby, and the generated domestic sewage is less, and the water quality is clear and the water quality is the best.1 #, The two sampling points are located in the upper reaches of the river basin, with the development of urbanization, the influence of human activity is large, and the microbial contamination is increased, and the total bacterial number is relatively high, only after 7 #.4 #,6 #, The surface environment of the three sampling points of the 8 # is mainly agricultural production activities, and the vicinity of 8 # is cultivated land. The well water is mainly used to irrigate farmland and residents to wash clothes and so on. (4) The water quality of all sampling points in the study area is in excess of the standard, and the stool pollution is the main source of the pollution in the study area. The results of the preliminary study on the source of the fecal pollution from the ratio of FC/ FS: the ratio of the FC/ FS of the three sampling points of 1 #,2 #, and 3 # is more than 103 in the summer and autumn season, and it can be assumed that the three groundwater faecal pollution mainly comes from the human's domestic wastewater; The 7 # ground water fecal pollution is all shown to be human excrement pollution within one year, and may be due to the three underground water flows from the river basin, many of which belong to the residential area and the industrial area, most of which are human domestic sewage. 8 # is affected by human excrement pollution in one year, and the ratio of other sampling points is seasonal, and the ratio of 1-3 #,7 # and 8 # is much greater than 4.0 in summer, and the ratio of 1 # and 3-8 # is greater than 4.0 in autumn, and the pollution source is mainly human sewage and feces. That is, the source of the biological source of the groundwater in the summer and autumn is the human being. (5) Because of the unique underground space structure of the karst area, the vertical connectivity is far greater than that of the horizontal direction, and the surface environment of the sampling point has an important influence on the space difference of the microbial contamination. The short-term precipitation condition and the difference of surface human activity can cause a large change in the number of microorganisms in the sampling point. The spatial difference of the underground river water in different sampling points in the same area is more obvious, which may be related to the intensity of water drop and the intensity of human activity in the region. In conclusion, the causes of microbial contamination in the research area are complicated: special hydrogeological background, pollutant discharge caused by agricultural production activities and the lack of a well-established domestic sewage collection and treatment device in the process of urbanization, causing a large amount of nutrient salts to enter the ground water, The growth and prosperity of the microorganisms in the water are promoted. In addition, the process of urbanization has led to the increase of the residents in the urban and rural areas and the number of microbial contamination sources in the groundwater, so that the degree of microbial contamination of the underground water under the influence of urbanization is much higher than that of the main pollution source in the activity of the agricultural production.
【学位授予单位】：西南大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：X523
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