人道救援物流最后一公里运输问题研究

发布时间：2018-04-29 09:39

本文选题：人道救援物流 + 最后一公里运输　；参考：《西南交通大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：近年来各种突发事件(自然灾害、暴力冲突、瘟疫传播等)频发。应急物资由配送中心及时、准确、高效的运送到灾民手中的最后一公里运输是灾后应急响应的核心,决定着灾难救援运作的成败。最后一公里运输问题的求解目标通常是运输成本的最小化(效率目标)或某类服务水平指标的最大化(效益目标,如需求满足量、物资配送的速度等),但却会导致一些距离配送中心较近的受灾点获得物资的时间远长于偏远地区以及各受灾点获得首批物资的时间长短差别很大等分配不公平现象的发生。这不仅背离了人道救援物流及时拯救更多生命的目标,也容易造成灾情的扩大化。如何确定最后一公里运输的合适目标,为所有受灾点提供同等水平的服务并在尽可能相同的时间内为所有的受灾点提供一定比例的首批应急物资己成为降低灾难对人类社会危害的关键。本文主要从公平目标的建模与分析以及多目标的选择与融合两个方面对最后一公里运输问题进行了研究。 1、针对灾后应急物资严重短缺、运输车辆不足的情况,提出了分批到货的应急物资配送模型,各受灾点的需求量分多周期由多车分批予以满足。定义了由灾民需求未满足率表达的负效用函数,将最后一公里运输的公平目标归纳为所有周期各受灾点产生的负效用函数值之和的最小化,该目标实现了物资配送的均衡性与公平性。算例结果表明：相对于运输成本的最小化以及物资到达时间的最小化,公平目标能够在最短的时间内为所有的受灾点提供较高需求满足率的物资。 2、基于应急物资分类与物资供应的不确定性,建立了效率与公平相结合的多目标多周期最后一公里运输规划模型。效率目标计算了规划周期内的车辆路径总成本,公平目标均衡了规划周期内由物资需求未满足率定义的惩罚成本。利用Matlab中的Yalmip工具箱对模型进行编程,算例结果表明：惩罚成本参数决定了各类物资配送的优先级别,只有当某类物资的惩罚成本参数大于特定值时才会对其进行配送。当物资的惩罚成本参数相同时,每个周期各类物资的配送量大小与受灾点对该类物资的需求量成正比,但各类物资的需求未满足率却保持一致。本文的研究为应急物资的合理分配,最后一公里运输合适目标的选择以及人道救援运作效率的提高提供了新的思路。
[Abstract]:In recent years, a variety of emergencies (natural disasters, violent conflicts, plague spread, etc.) frequent. The last kilometer transportation of emergency materials from distribution center to disaster victims is the core of post-disaster emergency response, which determines the success or failure of disaster relief operation. The goal of solving the last kilometer transport problem is usually the minimization of transport cost (efficiency target) or the maximization of certain service level indicators (benefit target, such as demand satisfaction, etc.) The speed of material distribution, however, will lead to the unfair distribution of goods in some disaster areas near the distribution center, which is far longer than that in remote areas, and the time of obtaining the first batch of materials varies greatly among the disaster sites. This not only deviates from the goal of saving more lives in time, but also easily causes disaster expansion. How to determine the appropriate target for the last kilometer of transport, Providing the same level of service to all the affected sites and providing a certain proportion of the first batch of emergency supplies to all the affected sites at the same time as possible has become the key to reducing the harm to human society caused by the disaster. In this paper, the last kilometer transportation problem is studied from two aspects: modeling and analysis of fair objective and multi-objective selection and fusion. 1. In view of the serious shortage of emergency materials and the shortage of transportation vehicles after the disaster, a delivery model of emergency materials in batches is put forward, and the demand of each disaster spot is met by multiple vehicles in batches. The negative utility function expressed by the rate of unsatisfied needs of the disaster victims is defined, and the fair objective of the last kilometer transportation is reduced to the minimization of the sum of the values of the negative utility functions generated by all the affected points during the period. This goal realizes the balance and fairness of material distribution. The numerical results show that the fair target can provide all the affected sites with high demand satisfaction rate in the shortest time compared with the minimization of transportation cost and the minimum of material arrival time. 2. Based on the uncertainty of emergency material classification and material supply, a multi-objective and multi-cycle last kilometer transportation planning model combining efficiency and fairness is established. The efficiency objective calculates the total vehicle routing cost in the planning cycle, and the fair objective balances the penalty cost defined by the unmet rate of material demand in the planning cycle. The model is programmed by using the Yalmip toolbox in Matlab. The results show that the penalty cost parameter determines the priority of all kinds of material distribution, and only when the penalty cost parameter of a certain material is greater than the specific value will it be distributed. When the penalty cost parameters of materials are the same, the distribution quantity of each cycle is directly proportional to the demand for this kind of materials at the disaster point, but the unsatisfied rate of each kind of materials remains the same. The research in this paper provides a new idea for the rational distribution of emergency materials, the choice of suitable target for the last kilometer transportation and the improvement of the operational efficiency of humanitarian rescue.
【学位授予单位】：西南交通大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：U116

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