综合交通换乘枢纽行人交通特性及安全疏散研究

发布时间：2018-04-30 21:18

本文选题：换乘枢纽 + 交通特性　；参考：《长安大学》2014年博士论文

【摘要】：改革开放30多年来，我国交通基础设施建设上升到了一个新的高度，建设集多种交通方式换乘于一体的综合交通枢纽体系成为新的发展趋势。城市综合交通换乘枢纽作为城市综合运输体系的关键节点和中心环节，是多种交通方式的汇集点和各类客流的集散地。随着城市综合交通换乘枢纽客流量持续、快速的增长，加之环境密闭、客流密集、换乘关系复杂等特点，其安全隐患问题逐渐显露，枢纽区域已成为突发事件的高发、多发地带，一旦发生突发事件，极易造成重大人员伤亡和财产损失，给社会带来极大的负面影响。因此，如何合理有效地组织和管理枢纽内部的行人流，实现枢纽内部行人的安全有效疏散，成为目前亟需解决的一大难题。基于此，遵循感知—辨识—疏散的思路，对城市综合交通换乘枢纽行人交通特性及安全疏散问题展开研究。通过设计枢纽内行人交通数据采集试验，对枢纽内行人交通特性进行了深入研究。对西安市北大街换乘枢纽内行人宏观交通参数进行现场观测和摄像调查，共获取数据样本17,771条，并使用SPSS和MATLAB软件拟合各参数的曲线关系，检验其拟合程度，并对枢纽内4种不同设施中行人的交通特性进行对比分析。结果表明：西安市北大街地铁换乘枢纽内行人步行的平均速度为1.114（m/s）；枢纽内行人密度与速度拟合关系符合线性函数形式，行人速度随着密度的增大而减小；行人密度与流量拟合关系符合一元三次方函数形式，行人流量的变化随行人密度的变化在其峰值左右并不完全对称，行人流量随着密度的增大先增大后减小，为抛物线形式。行人的主观感知是衡量综合交通换乘枢纽服务水平高低的核心要素。为了寻求行人主观感知对综合交通换乘枢纽服务水平影响规律，提出了量化其服务水平并反映行人主观感知的SEM模型。设计了基于行人主观感知的城市综合交通换乘枢纽服务水平调查问卷方式，对西安市北大街换乘枢纽的乘客满意度进行了调查，筛选了行人主观感知的主要影响因素，总结了行人对综合交通换乘枢纽服务水平的感知规律，通过SEM模型计算，从行人的安全性需求、舒适性需求、便捷性需求和服务性需求等4个主观感知方面量化分析综合交通换乘枢纽服务水平，并寻求不同主观感知要素之间的相互作用，分析其与综合交通换乘枢纽之间的相互联系。研究结果表明：北大街综合交通换乘枢纽内乘客期望的路径系数为0.9200，满意度的路径系数为0.7120，乘客的满意度与乘客的期望值有一定差距，其吻合程度为77.39%；北大街换乘枢纽内的路径系数总体较低，均在0.6000以下，便捷感知指标的值仅为0.2997。在对枢纽内服务水平行人主观感知特性剖析基础上，针对综合交通换乘枢纽拥挤状态划分中的模糊性和随机性，提出了一种基于云模型的综合交通换乘枢纽拥挤度自动辨识模型。首先，确定行人交通流特性的基本参数作为行人拥挤度云辨识模型的输入，枢纽内行人拥挤状态的定性描述为模型的输出；在枢纽服务水平主观感知的基础上，分析行人拥挤度的内涵和度量标准，根据它们在不同服务水平下边界值计算云的数字特征。其次，利用云的合成理论分别建立不同服务水平对应的模板云模型，同时将采集到的行人交通特性基本参数分别输入到枢纽内各基础设施的云发生器中，并建立待识别云模型。再次，根据云相似度的定义计算待识别云和模板云之间的相似度，进一步确定待识别云隶属于6种服务水平的可能程度。最后，结合云辨识模型，引入拥挤度定义，根据拥挤度给出枢纽内行人拥挤状态的定性描述，并给出了拥挤度判别的具体实现过程。在行人拥挤度辨别的基础上，提出了行人拥挤度预警及调控策略。安全疏散是行人拥挤调控的重要策略。在综合交通换乘枢纽行人拥挤度自动辨识的基础上，从时间角度来阐述行人安全疏散特性问题，分析了枢纽内行人疏散安全的影响因素，建立了城市综合交通换乘枢纽安全疏散时间模型。在分析行人安全疏散特性的基础上，综合考虑行人流的速度与密度变化规律，对综合交通换乘枢纽内行人疏散过程进行分解，将综合交通换乘枢纽行人安全应急疏散时间模型分解为行人下车时间、站台疏散时间和通道疏散时间。通过实例，对比分析模型计算结果与实测结果，进一步验证模型的科学性。为深入探讨综合交通换乘枢纽行人安全疏散路径选择问题，基于复杂系统脆性理论和蚁群算法，提出利用改进的蚁群算法来研究综合交通换乘枢纽行人安全疏散路径选择的方法。以西安市北客站站厅层为例，模拟仿真突发情况下乘客疏散的最优和最差路径，并调整不同的参数设置，进行20次迭代。结果表明：在信息素浓度对有向图G的相对重要程度固定不变时，通过改变走行距离重视度和从众程度的参数取值，可以得出起点到8个出口的安全疏散路径的最优长度和最差长度。当走行距离重视度小于5，从众程度大于0.3时，行人安全疏散路径易达到最优路径；当走行距离重视度小于5，从众程度小于0.5时，该安全疏散路径易突变为最差路径。
[Abstract]:Since the reform and opening up for more than 30 years, the construction of transportation infrastructure in China has risen to a new height. It has become a new trend to build a comprehensive transportation hub system which integrates multiple transportation modes in an organic whole. With the characteristics of continuous passenger flow, rapid growth, closed environment, dense passenger flow and complex transfer relationship, the problem of security risks has gradually revealed, and the hub area has become a high incidence of sudden events and multiple zones. The casualties and property losses have brought great negative impact on the society. Therefore, how to organize and manage the pedestrian flow within the hub reasonably and effectively and realize the safe and effective evacuation of pedestrians inside the hub has become an urgent problem to be solved. Based on this, it follows the idea of perception discrimination and evacuation and the transfer hub of urban integrated transportation. Pedestrian traffic characteristics and safety evacuation are studied.
Through the design of pedestrian traffic data acquisition test in the design hub, the pedestrian traffic characteristics in the hub are studied in depth. A total of 17771 data samples are obtained from the field observation and camera survey of the pedestrian macro traffic parameters in the Xi'an City North Street transfer hub, and the curves of the parameters are fitted with SPSS and MATLAB software to test the data. The results show that the average speed of pedestrian walking is 1.114 (m/s) in the metro transfer hub of Xi'an City North Street, and the pedestrian density and velocity fit the linear function form in the hub, and the pedestrian velocity decreases with the increase of density. The fitting relationship between human density and flow is in the form of one element three square function. The change of pedestrian flow is not completely symmetrical with the change of pedestrian density at its peak value. The pedestrian flow increases first and then decreases with the increase of density, which is a parabolic form.
The subjective perception of pedestrians is the core element to measure the service level of the integrated transport transfer hub. In order to find the effect of pedestrian subjective perception on the service level of the integrated transport transfer hub, a SEM model is proposed to quantify the service level and reflect the subjective perception of pedestrians. The passenger satisfaction of Xi'an City North Street transfer hub is investigated by the survey of the hub service level. The main influencing factors of pedestrians' subjective perception are screened, and the perception rules of pedestrians' service level are summarized. The SEM model is used to calculate the safety requirements, comfort requirements and convenience of pedestrians. 4 subjective perception aspects, such as sexual demand and service demand, are quantified to analyze the service level of integrated transport transfer hub, and seek the interaction between different subjective perception elements, and analyze the relationship between them and the integrated transport transfer hub. The results show that the path coefficient of passenger expectation in the comprehensive transportation hub of North Street is shown. To 0.9200, the path coefficient of satisfaction is 0.7120, and the satisfaction of passengers has a certain gap with the expected value of passengers, and the degree of anastomosis is 77.39%. The path coefficient in the North Avenue transfer hub is lower than 0.6000, and the value of the convenient perception index is only 0.2997..
Based on the analysis of the subjective perception characteristics of the pedestrian service level in the hub, a cloud model based automatic identification model for the congestion degree of the integrated traffic transfer hub is proposed in view of the fuzziness and randomness in the congestion state division of the integrated traffic transfer hub. The input of the cloud identification model, the qualitative description of pedestrian congestion in the hub is the output of the model. On the basis of the subjective perception of the hub service level, the connotation and measurement standards of pedestrian congestion are analyzed, and the numerical characteristics of the cloud are calculated according to their boundary value at different service levels. Secondly, the difference of the cloud synthesis theory is set up respectively. The template cloud model corresponding to the service level, and the basic parameters of the pedestrian traffic characteristics are input into the cloud generator in the infrastructure of the hub and the cloud model to be identified. Again, the similarity between the cloud and the template cloud is calculated according to the definition of the cloud similarity, and the 6 species of the identified cloud are further determined. The possible degree of service level. Finally, combining the cloud identification model, introducing the definition of crowding degree, the qualitative description of pedestrian congestion in the hub is given according to the crowding degree, and the concrete realization process of the congestion degree discrimination is given. On the basis of pedestrian crowding discrimination, the warning and control strategy of pedestrian congestion are proposed.
Safety evacuation is an important strategy for pedestrian congestion control. On the basis of automatic identification of pedestrian congestion in integrated traffic transfer hub, this paper expounds the pedestrian safety evacuation characteristics from the time point of view, analyzes the influencing factors of pedestrian evacuation safety in the hub, and establishes a safe evacuation time model for urban integrated interchange and transfer hubs. On the basis of human safety evacuation characteristics, the velocity and density variation of pedestrian flow are taken into consideration, and the pedestrian evacuation process is decomposed in the integrated transportation transfer hub. The pedestrian safety evacuation time model of the integrated traffic transfer hub is decomposed into pedestrians' departure time, platform sparse time and channel evacuation time. The results of the model and the measured data are analyzed to further verify the scientificalness of the model.
In order to discuss the pedestrian safe evacuation route selection problem of the integrated traffic transfer hub, based on the complex system brittleness theory and ant colony algorithm, an improved ant colony algorithm is proposed to study the pedestrian safe evacuation route selection of the integrated traffic transfer hub. The passenger station in the north of Xi'an city is taken as an example to simulate the passengers in the sudden situation. The optimal and worst path of evacuation is adjusted and different parameters are adjusted to make 20 iterations. The results show that the optimal length of the safe evacuation route from the starting point to the 8 exit can be obtained by changing the relative importance of the pheromone concentration to the relative importance of the directed graph G. When the distance of walking distance is less than 5 and the degree of herd is greater than 0.3, the safe evacuation path of pedestrians is easy to reach the optimal path. When the distance of walking distance is less than 5 and the degree of herd is less than 0.5, the safe evacuation path is easily changed into the worst path.

【学位授予单位】：长安大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：U491.226

【参考文献】