驾驶人风险意识主观评价研究

发布时间：2019-03-14 14:08

【摘要】：交通事故的发生往往是由于驾驶人主观风险评价和客观风险之间存在一定的差异。驾驶人对风险的错误判断,导致错误的驾驶行为,最终成为引发交通事故的重要原因。因此进行驾驶人风险意识研究,有助于理清驾驶人风险意识的差异及其影响因素,为提高驾驶人的风险意识提供理论基础,对提高驾驶人综合素质和预防交通事故具有十分重要的实践意义。在研读大量的国内外相关文献的基础上,对驾驶行为问卷进行修订；采用专家咨询法及文献综合法,编制了基于风险驾驶情境的驾驶人风险意识主观评价问卷,包括：驾驶人对机动车、非机动车和行人风险等三个维度的风险感知量表；对速度、交通事故、违规以及乘坐不安全驾驶人驾驶车辆的态度等四个维度的风险态度量表；以及对违反规则、不良天气、身体不适及汽车设备故障容忍的四个维度的风险容忍量表；采用随机抽样的方法,完成了228份问卷的施测,并对施测结果进行了信度检验、效度检验和项目分析,分析结果表明驾驶入风险意识问卷具有良好的信度、效度和区分度。以风险感知、风险态度、风险容忍为一级评价指标,构建了驾驶人风险意识主观评价指标体系。利用因子分析的方法,对驾驶人风险意识评价体系的各指标权重进行确定,得到驾驶人风险意识评价体系的一级指标和二级指标的权重。根据驾驶人风险意识评价体系和一、二级权重,构建驾驶人风险意识评价模型。基于188名被试的驾驶行为及风险意识的有效问卷调查结果,对驾驶行为与风险意识进行了进一步分析：对驾驶行为与风险意识进行了相关性分析,结果表明驾驶行为与风险感知、风险态度呈正相关,与风险容忍呈负相关；对驾驶行为与风险意识进行了回归分析,得到以风险感知、风险态度、风险容忍为自变量的驾驶行为回归模型;利用驾驶人风险意识主观评价模型对驾驶人风险意识进行分级,结果表明被试驾驶人的风险意识基本上都合格,但存在很大的提升空间,需要加强驾驶人风险意识方面的教育和培训；对驾驶行为与风险意识进行了对应分析表明二者存在较强的对应关系,可以利用DBQ对风险意识问卷进行校验；对驾驶人的驾驶行为和风险意识进行基于不同人格和人口统计学变量的差异性分析,结果表明内向稳定型驾驶人的风险意识明显好于外向稳定型和外向不稳定型驾驶入,女性的风险意识要明显优于男性,驾驶人的风险意识随年龄的增长呈先上升后下降的趋势,随着驾驶人驾龄的增加驾驶人风险意识越来越好,学历越高驾驶人的风险意识水平也就越好。
[Abstract]:The occurrence of traffic accidents is often due to the difference between subjective risk assessment and objective risk. The wrong judgment of the driver's risk leads to the wrong driving behavior and finally becomes the important cause of the traffic accident. Therefore, the study of driver's risk consciousness is helpful to clarify the difference of driver's risk consciousness and its influencing factors, and to provide a theoretical basis for improving the driver's risk consciousness. It is of great practical significance to improve the overall quality of drivers and prevent traffic accidents. On the basis of studying a large number of relevant domestic and foreign literature, the driving behavior questionnaire was revised. Using expert consultation method and literature synthesis method, the subjective evaluation questionnaire of driver's risk consciousness based on risk driving situation is developed, including: driver's risk perception scale of three dimensions: motor vehicle, non-motor vehicle and pedestrian risk; The risk attitude scale of four dimensions: speed, traffic accident, violation of rules and attitude of driving vehicle by unsafe driver. And the risk tolerance scale for the four dimensions of violation of rules, bad weather, physical discomfort and auto equipment failure tolerance; A random sampling method was used to complete 228 questionnaires, and the reliability test, validity test and item analysis of the test results were carried out. The results showed that the driving risk awareness questionnaire had good reliability, validity and discrimination. Taking risk perception, risk attitude and risk tolerance as the first-level evaluation indexes, the subjective evaluation index system of driver's risk consciousness is constructed. By using the method of factor analysis, the weights of each index of the driver's risk awareness evaluation system are determined, and the weights of the first and second grade indexes of the driver's risk awareness evaluation system are obtained. According to the driver risk awareness evaluation system and the first and second weights, the driver risk awareness evaluation model is constructed. Based on the effective questionnaire results of 188 subjects' driving behavior and risk consciousness, this paper further analyzed the driving behavior and risk consciousness: the correlation between driving behavior and risk awareness was analyzed. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between driving behavior and risk perception, risk attitude, and a negative correlation between driving behavior and risk tolerance. The regression analysis of driving behavior and risk consciousness is carried out, and the regression model of driving behavior with risk perception, risk attitude and risk tolerance as independent variables is obtained. The subjective evaluation model of driver's risk consciousness is used to classify the driver's risk consciousness. The results show that the driver's risk consciousness is basically qualified, but there is a lot of room for improvement. There is a need to strengthen the education and training of drivers in risk awareness; The correspondence analysis of driving behavior and risk consciousness shows that there is a strong correspondence between them, and DBQ can be used to verify the risk awareness questionnaire. The difference analysis of driver's driving behavior and risk consciousness based on different personality and demographics variables shows that the risk consciousness of introverted stable driver is better than that of extroverted stable type and extroverted unstable driving type, and the results show that the risk consciousness of introverted stable driver is better than that of extroverted unstable driving. The risk awareness of women is obviously better than that of men. The driver's risk awareness increases first and then decreases with the increase of driver's age. As the driver's driving age increases, the driver's risk awareness becomes better and better. The higher the degree, the better the driver's risk awareness level.
【学位授予单位】：昆明理工大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：U491.25

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