长白山玄武岩台地土壤动物多样性及其生态分布

发布时间：2018-03-28 21:17

本文选题：土壤动物　切入点：多样性　出处：《东北师范大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：我国东北地区的针阔混交林是温带地带性植被类型之一,其中长白山针阔混交林为典型代表,主要分布于海拔1100 m以下的玄武岩台地,是全球已为数不多的大面积原生针阔混交林之一。多年来,不断经过人为和自然两种形式的干扰破坏,导致原生植被的面积逐渐减少。土壤动物作为生态系统的重要组成部分之一,其群落多样性也会随生态环境的变化而改变。为探讨长白山玄武岩台地土壤动物多样性及其生态分布,于2014年5月(春季)、7月(夏季)、9月(秋季)对原始针阔混交林、次生针阔混交林、次生落叶阔叶林、耕地四个生境的土壤动物进行了研究。可为维护长白山森林生态系统的功能提供科学依据。本研究运用了单因素方差分析和多因素方差分析法比较不同生境、季节、土层之间的土壤动物密度和类群数的差异性；通过计算多样性指数(H')、丰富度指数(D)、均匀度指数(e)和优势度指数(C)来描述土壤动物多样性特征；最后使用冗余分析法探讨了土壤动物多样性与主要土壤环境因子之间的关系。本文主要结论如下：(1)研究区内捕获大型土壤动物46类,1992只,平均密度为531.47只/m2,隶属于3门6纲15目43科(总科)。优势类群为3类,即线蚓科、石蜈蚣科、蚁科,占总个体数的62.92%。常见类群为13类,即地蜈蚣科、马陆目、隐翅虫科、双翅目幼虫、漏斗蛛科等,占总个体数的32.11%。稀有类群和极稀有类群共30类,虽然类群数较多,但个体数仅占大型土壤动物的4.97%。研究区内捕获中小型土壤动物44类,25724只,平均密度为42873.33只/m2,隶属于3门6纲18目(亚目)37科(总科)。优势类群为甲螨亚目、等节跳虫科、球角跳虫科3类,占总个体数的69.56%。常见类群为6类,即革螨亚目、辐螨亚目、山跳虫科、双翅目幼虫、圆跳虫科和鳞跳虫科,占总个体数的26.45%。稀有类群和极稀有类群共35类,仅占中小型土壤动物总数的3.99%。(2)从水平分布来看,大型土壤动物和中小型土壤动物的多样性均呈现出在原始针阔混交林最高,耕地最低。其中大型土壤动物的多样性在不同季节则为：春季,次生针阔混交林最高,耕地最低；夏季和秋季为原始针阔混交林最高,耕地最低。中小型土壤动物多样性在不同季节则表现出：春季和秋季为原始针阔混交林最高,耕地最低；夏季为次生针阔混交林最高,耕地仍为最低。全年来看,大型土壤动物与中小型土壤动物的多样性特征指数都呈现出：多样性指数和丰富度指数在原始针阔混交林为最高,优势度指数在次生针阔混交林中为最高,均匀度指数在耕地中为最高。(3)从垂直分布来看,土壤动物多样性具有明显的表聚性。原始针阔混交林、次生针阔混交林和次生落叶阔叶林土壤动物的多样性在凋落物层达到最高,10-15cm土层最低；耕地土壤动物的多样性在0-5cm土层达到最高,10-15cm土层最低。凋落物层土壤动物多样性表现为原始针阔混交林最高,0-5cm土层的土壤动物多样性则为次生针阔混交林最高,5-10cm和10-15cm土层的土壤动物多样性均为次生落叶阔叶林最高。(4)土壤动物与主要土壤环境因子的RDA排序分析结果表明：土壤温度、速效P、pH、有机质、湿度、速效N和速效K的变化是导致长白山玄武岩台地不同生境土壤动物多样性分布的主要影响因素。
[Abstract]:Northeast China is one of the temperate coniferous forest vegetation types in Changbai Mountain coniferous forest as a typical representative, mainly distributed in the altitude of 1100 m below the basalt platform, is the world's large area has been one of the primary coniferous forest number. Over the years, passing through artificial and natural interference two forms of damage, resulting in native vegetation area decreased. Soil animal is one of the most important part of the ecosystem, the biodiversity will change with the change of ecological environment. In order to investigate Changbai Mountain basalt soil animal diversity and ecological distribution, in May 2014 (spring), July (summer), September (Autumn) of the original conifer forest, secondary coniferous forest, deciduous broad-leaved forest, soil animal of four cultivated habitats were studied. To provide for the maintenance of Changbai Mountain forest ecosystem function Scientific basis. This study used the comparison of different habitats, single factor analysis of variance and multiple factor variance analysis of seasonal differences, the number of soil animal density and soil between the groups; through the calculation of diversity index (H'), richness index (D), evenness index (E) and dominance index (C) to describe the soil animal diversity; finally, using redundancy analysis to explore the relationship between the diversity of soil animal and soil environmental factors. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) in the study area to capture a large soil animal 46 kinds, 1992, the average density is 531.47 /m2, which belonged to 3 phyla, 6 classes, 15 orders 43 families (families). The dominant groups into 3 categories, namely Enchytraeidae, Lithobiidae, Formicidae, 62.92%. common groups accounted for the total number of individuals into 13 categories, namely, geophilomorpha, Malu, Staphylinidae, Diptera larvae, agelenidae, 32.11%. and rare groups of total individuals the number of A total of 30 kinds of rare groups, although the group number is more, but the individual number only accounts for the large soil animal 4.97%. research area to capture small soil animal class 44, 25724, the average density was 42873.33 /m2, which belonged to 3 phyla, 6 classes and 18 orders (suborder) 37 families (families). The dominant groups are a mite suborder, Isotomidae, ball springtails Angle Class 3, 69.56%. common groups accounted for the total number of individuals into 6 categories, namely the mite suborder, actinedida suborder, mountain springtails, Diptera larvae, Sminthuridae and tomoceridae, 26.45%. rare groups accounted for the total number of individuals and rare groups a total of 35, accounting for only small and medium sized soil animal 3.99%. (2) from the level of distribution, diversity of large soil animal and small and medium sized soil animal showed the highest in the original coniferous forest land. The lowest diversity of large soil animal is in different seasons: spring season, secondary needle the highest broad-leaved mixed forest The cultivated land, the lowest in summer and autumn; the original coniferous forest is the highest, the lowest diversity of cultivated land. Small and medium sized soil animal in different seasons showed: spring and autumn as the original coniferous forest is the highest, the lowest in cultivated land; secondary coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest is the highest, the cultivated land still is the lowest. The full year, diversity the characteristic index of large soil animal and small and medium sized soil animal shows: the diversity index and richness index in primitive coniferous forest is the highest, the dominance index in secondary conifer and broadleaf mixed forest is the highest, the evenness index in cultivated land is the highest. (3) from the vertical distribution of soil animal diversity. Has the obvious tablecohesion. The original conifer forest, the diversity of secondary broad-leaved forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest soil animal reached the highest in the litter layer, 10-15cm layer is lowest; soil animal diversity in 0- 5cm soil layer was the highest, the lowest layer of 10-15cm. The diversity of litter layer soil animal is primitive coniferous forest is highest, soil animal diversity is 0-5cm soil secondary coniferous and broad-leaved mixed forest is the highest, 5-10cm and 10-15cm layer of soil animal diversity were the secondary deciduous broad-leaved forest is highest. (4) RDA sequencing the results of soil animal and soil environmental factors showed: soil temperature, available P, pH, organic matter, moisture, change of available N and K is the result of Changbai Mountain basalt soil animal diversity in different habitats of the distribution of main influencing factors.

【学位授予单位】：东北师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S154.5

【参考文献】