有机肥配施化学氮肥对土壤中氮素转化及双季稻氮素利用率的影响

发布时间：2018-05-29 13:09

本文选题：水稻土 + 旱地土壤　；参考：《浙江大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：水稻是我国主要的粮食作物之一,水稻的高产稳产对粮食安全十分关键。粮食产量的增加约有30%-50%归功于化学肥料的施用,其中又以化学氮肥的贡献最为显著。国际上公认的施氮量(N)上限为225 kg/ha,氮肥利用率达到46%～68%；而我国单季作物的氮肥施用量已超过250 kg/ha,氮肥的当季利用率只有30%-35%,明显低于国际平均水平,过量施用化学氮肥已成为最突出的环境问题之一。有机肥料养分的循环利用不仅可替代部分化学氮肥,而且对建立环境友好的施肥技术体系具有重要的现实意义。本论文研究了室内模拟试验条件下有机肥配施化学氮肥对土壤中氮素形态转化及其与氨挥发损失的关系,田间稻-稻轮作试验条件下,有机肥配施化学氮肥对双季稻生长和氮肥利用率的影响。取得以下主要结果：1.不同施肥处理(不施肥处理CK、尿素氮处理T1、20%有机肥氮+80%尿素氮T2、20%有机肥氮+64%尿素氮T3)水稻土模拟试验结果表明,T2和T3处理的水稻土水溶性总氮、水溶性铵氮、KC1提取态铵氮、交换态铵氮含量明显或显著(P0.05)低于尿素氮处理(T1),且水溶性总氮、水溶性铵氮、KCl提取态铵氮和交换态铵氮彼此之间呈极显著(P0.01)正相关;T2和T3处理的水稻土累积氨挥发量均极显著(P0.01)低于尿素氮处理(T1),减施氮肥处理(T3)的累积氨挥发量极显著(P0.01)低于T2处理,说明有机肥配施化学氮肥可以减少水稻土中氨挥发的损失；氨挥发速率峰值与土壤水溶性铵氮和交换态铵氮含量呈极显著(P0.01)线性相关,江西水稻土和湖北水稻土的水溶性铵氮回归系数分别为0.0233和0.0133,交换态铵氮回归系数分别为0.0062和0.0003,交换态铵氮对氨挥发的效应明显小于水溶性铵氮,在相同施氮量条件下,氮素以交换态铵氮存在时可降低氨挥发速率,从培肥的角度应采用相应的技术措施提高土壤CEC和保肥性能。2.不同施肥处理(不施肥处理CK、尿素氮处理T1、20%有机肥氮+80%尿素氮T2、20%有机肥氮+64%尿素氮T3)旱地土壤模拟试验结果表明,T2和T3处理的旱地土壤水溶性总氮和水溶性硝氮含量显著(P0.05)低于T1处理(除第2天取样外),且水溶性硝氮与水溶性总氮呈极显著(P0.01)正相关,与水溶性铵氮、提取态铵氮、交换态铵氮呈极显著(P0.01)负相关;T2和T3处理的旱地土壤累积氨挥发量均极显著(P0.01)低于尿素氮处理(T1),减施氮肥处理(T3)的累积氨挥发量极显著(P0.01)低于T2处理,说明有机肥配施化学氮肥可以减少旱地土壤中氨挥发的损失；氨挥发速率峰值与土壤水溶性铵氮和交换态铵氮含量呈极显著(P0.01)线性相关,潮土和黑土的水溶性铵氮回归系数分别为0.0207和0.0045,交换态铵氮回归系数分别为0.0108和0.0017,旱地土壤交换态铵氮对氨挥发的效应也明显小于水溶性铵氮,在相同施氮量条件下,旱地土壤中氮素以交换态铵氮存在时一定程度上可降低氨挥发速率,对培肥地力、提高土壤保肥性能具有实际指导意义。3.不同施肥处理(不施肥处理CK、施磷钾处理PK、常规施肥处理FP(N)、单施有机肥处理M(20%N)、20%有机肥+80%化肥的高产高效施肥处理CM(N)、20%有机肥+64%化肥的氮高效施肥处理CM(-N))田间早稻试验结果表明,早稻分蘖始期CM(N)处理的土壤水溶性硝氮、水溶性铵氮、水溶性总氮、提取态铵氮、交换态铵氮和碱解氮含量显著(P0.05)高于CK、PK、M(20%N)处理；分蘖盛期FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)处理的土壤提取态铵氮、交换态铵氮和碱解氮含量显著(P0.05)高于CK、PK、M(20%N)处理,FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)处理间无显著差异；土壤水溶性硝氮与水溶性总氮呈显著(P0.05)正相关,碱解氮与提取态铵氮、交换态铵氮呈显著(P0.05)正相关(除返青期外)；早稻返青期和成熟期FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)处理的土壤脲酶活性显著(P0.05)高于CK、PK、M(20%)处理,FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)处理间无显著差异；早稻分蘖盛期CM(N)处理的土壤蔗糖酶活性显著(P0.05)高于CK、PK处理,其他时期各处理间无显著差异;FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)处理的籽粒产量、地上部生物量显著(P0.05)高于CK、PK、M(20%)处理,FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)处理间无显著差异；CM(N)、CM(-N)处理的早稻农学利用率分别为15.08 kg/kg、18.65 kg/kg,均显著(P0.05)高于FP(N)处理,CM(N)、CM(-N)处理的早稻表观利用率分别为35.18%、38.96%,明显或显著(P0.05)高于FP(N)处理,说明有机肥配施化学氮肥等氮和减氮处理均可以保持早稻籽粒产量,提高早稻化肥氮的利用率。4.不同施肥处理(不施肥处理CK、施磷钾处理PK、常规施肥处理FP(N)、单施有机肥处理M(20%N)、20%有机肥+80%化肥的高产高效施肥处理CM(N)、20%有机肥+64%化肥的氮高效施肥处理CM(-N))田间晚稻试验结果表明,晚稻分蘖期FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)处理的水溶性硝氮、水溶性总氮和碱解氮含量显著(P0.05)高于CK、PK处理,FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)处理间无显著差异；分蘖盛期FP(N)处理的提取态铵氮和交换态铵氮含量显著(P0.05)高于CM(N)、CM(-N)处理；土壤水溶性硝氮与水溶性总氮呈显著(P0.05)正相关,碱解氮与水溶性硝氮、水溶性总氮、提取态铵氮、交换态铵氮呈显著(P0.05)正相关(除返青期外)；晚稻分蘖盛期FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)处理的土壤脲酶活性显著(P0.05)高于CK处理,FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)处理间无显著差异；分蘖盛期和成熟期FP(N)、CM(N)处理的土壤蔗糖酶活性显著(P0.05)高于CK处理；成熟期FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)处理的籽粒产量、地上部生物量和氮素积累量均显著(P0.05)高于CK、PK、M(20%N)处理,FP(N)处理显著(P0.05)高于CM(-N)处理；CM(N)、CM(-N)处理的晚稻农学利用率分别为16.53 kg/kg、18.82 kg/kg,均显著(P0.05)高于FP(N)处理,CM(N)、CM(-N)处理的晚稻表观利用率分别为48.07%、48.41%,均显著(P0.05)高于FP(N)处理；说明有机肥配施化学氮肥等氮处理可以保持晚稻籽粒产量、地上部生物量和氮素积累量,提高晚稻化肥氮的农学利用率和表观利用率。5.田间整个轮作试验结果表明,FP(N)、CM(N)、CM(-N)处理的籽粒产量、地上部氮素积累量均显著(P0.05)高于CK、PK、M(20%N)处理,FP(N)处理的籽粒产量显著(P0.05)高于CM(N)和CM(-N)处理,FP(N)、CM(N)处理的地上部氮素积累量显著(P0.05)高于CM(-N)处理；CM(N)、CM(-N)处理的水稻农学利用率分别为15.86 kg/kg.18.74 kg/kg,均显著(P0.05)高于FP(N)处理,且CM(-N)处理显著(P0.05)高于CM(N)处理；(CM(N)、CM(-N)处理的水稻表观利用率分别为42.16%、44.07%,均显著(P0.05)高于FP(N)处理,且CM(N)与CM(-N)处理无显著差异,说明有机肥配施化学氮肥等氮和减氮处理能显著提高整个轮作的水稻化肥氮利用率,但不利于保持水稻的持续高产。
[Abstract]:Rice is one of the main grain crops in China. The high and stable yield of rice is very important for grain safety. The increase of grain yield is about 30%-50% due to the application of chemical fertilizer, and the contribution of chemical nitrogen fertilizer is the most significant. The upper limit of nitrogen application (N) is 225 kg/ha and the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer is 46% ~ 68%. The application of nitrogen fertilizer for seasonal crops has exceeded 250 kg/ha, and the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer in the season is only 30%-35%, which is obviously lower than the international average. Excessive application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer has become one of the most prominent environmental problems. The recycling of organic fertilizer nutrients can not only replace some chemical nitrogen fertilizers, but also establish a environmentally friendly fertilization system. There were important practical significance. This paper studied the relationship between nitrogen form transformation and the loss of ammonia volatilization in soil with organic manure and chemical nitrogen fertilizer under indoor simulated test, and the effect of organic manure with chemical nitrogen fertilizer on the growth of double cropping rice and nitrogen utilization ratio under rice rice rotation experiment in the field. The following main results were obtained: 1. Different fertilization treatments (no fertilization treatment CK, urea nitrogen treatment T1,20% organic manure nitrogen, +80% urea nitrogen T2,20% organic manure nitrogen +64% urea nitrogen T3) rice soil simulation test results showed that T2 and T3 treated paddy soil water-soluble total nitrogen, water-soluble ammonium nitrogen, KC1 extraction ammonium nitrogen, exchange state ammonium nitrogen content is obvious or significant (P0.05) lower than the urea nitrogen treatment (T1). Water soluble total nitrogen, water-soluble ammonium nitrogen, KCl extracted ammonium nitrogen and exchangeable ammonium nitrogen were positively correlated with each other (P0.01); the cumulative ammonia volatilization of paddy soils treated by T2 and T3 was significantly lower than that of urea nitrogen treatment (T1), and the cumulative ammonia volatilization of the reduced nitrogen treatment (T3) was significantly lower than T2 treatment (P0.01), indicating the combination of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizer can reduce the loss of ammonia volatilization in paddy soil; the peak value of ammonia volatilization is linearly correlated with soil water-soluble ammonium and nitrogen and exchangeable ammonium nitrogen content (P0.01). The water soluble ammonium and nitrogen regression coefficients of Jiangxi paddy soil and Hubei paddy soil are 0.0233 and 0.0133 respectively, and the exchangeable ammonium nitrogen regression coefficients are 0.0062 and 0.0003, respectively. The effect of ammonium nitrogen on ammonia volatilization is significantly less than that of water-soluble ammonium nitrogen. Under the same nitrogen application conditions, nitrogen can reduce the rate of ammonia volatilization in the presence of exchangeable ammonium and nitrogen. From the angle of fertilization, the corresponding technical measures should be adopted to improve the soil CEC and the fertilizer performance.2. (no fertilization treatment CK, urea nitrogen treatment T1,20% organic fertilizer nitrogen +80%). The results of dry soil simulation test of urea nitrogen T2,20% organic fertilizer nitrogen +64% urea nitrogen T3 showed that the water soluble total nitrogen and water soluble nitrogen and nitrogen content of dry soil treated by T2 and T3 (P0.05) were lower than T1 treatment (except for second days), and the water soluble nitrate nitrogen and water soluble total nitrogen were positively correlated with P0.01, with water-soluble ammonium nitrogen and extraction ammonium nitrogen. The change of ammonium nitrogen was very significant (P0.01) negative correlation; the cumulative ammonia volatilization of dry soil treated by T2 and T3 was significantly lower than that of urea nitrogen treatment (T1). The cumulative ammonia volatilization of the reduced nitrogen treatment (T3) was very significant (P0.01) lower than that of T2 treatment, indicating that the application of chemical nitrogen fertilizer with organic manure could reduce the loss of ammonia volatilization in dryland soil; ammonia volatilization speed. The peak value was significantly correlated with water soluble ammonium and nitrogen and exchangeable ammonium nitrogen (P0.01). The regression coefficients of water-soluble ammonium and nitrogen in the soil and the black soil were 0.0207 and 0.0045 respectively. The regression coefficients of the exchangeable ammonium and nitrogen were 0.0108 and 0.0017 respectively. The effect of the exchangeable ammonium nitrogen on the ammonia volatilization of the dryland soil was obviously smaller than that of the water-soluble ammonium and nitrogen. Under the condition of nitrogen application, nitrogen in dry soil can reduce the ammonia volatilization rate to a certain extent in the presence of exchangeable ammonium and nitrogen in the dry soil. It has practical guiding significance for the soil fertility and soil conservation performance of the soil.3. (no fertilizer treatment CK, PK, FP (N), M (20%N), 20% organic fertilizer +80%). High yield and high efficiency fertilizer treatment CM (N), 20% organic manure +64% fertilizer nitrogen efficient fertilizer treatment CM (-N) field early rice test results showed that the soil water soluble nitrogen, water-soluble ammonium nitrogen, water-soluble total nitrogen, extracted ammonium nitrogen, the content of alternate ammonium nitrogen and alkaline nitrogen (P0.05) were higher than CK, PK, M (20%N) treatment with CM (N) at the beginning of early rice tillering. There was no significant difference between FP (N), CM (N) and CM (-N) treated soil, which was significantly higher than CK, PK, M (20%N) treatment, and there was no significant difference in the treatment of CK, PK, M (20%N); soil water-soluble nitrogen and water-soluble total nitrogen were positively correlated, alkaline nitrogen and extracted ammonium nitrogen, and exchangeable ammonium nitrogen were significant 05) positive correlation (except for returning to green period); the soil urease activity of FP (N), CM (N) and CM (-N) treated in early rice was significantly higher than CK, PK, M (20%), FP (N), and there was no significant difference in the treatment of early rice; the activity of invertase in soil treated at the peak of early rice tillering was higher than that in the other periods. There were significant differences; the grain yield of FP (N), CM (N) and CM (-N) was significantly higher than CK, PK, M (20%) treatment, and there was no significant difference in the treatment of FP (N). The agricultural utilization rate of early rice was 15.08, 18.65, respectively. The use rate was 35.18%, 38.96%, obvious or significant (P0.05) higher than FP (N) treatment, which indicated that organic manure combined with nitrogen and nitrogen reduction treatments could keep the grain yield of early rice and improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizer nitrogen in early rice,.4. with different fertilizer treatments (CK, PK, FP (N), and M (20%N), and single application of organic fertilizer for M (20%N). The results of 20% organic manure +80% fertilizer high yield and high efficiency fertilization treatment CM (N), 20% organic fertilizer +64% fertilizer nitrogen efficient fertilization treatment CM (-N) field late rice test results showed that the late rice at tillering stage FP (N), CM (N), CM (-N) treatment of water-soluble nitrogen, water-soluble total nitrogen and alkaline nitrogen content was significantly higher than that of the treatment. The content of ammonium nitrogen and exchangeable ammonium nitrogen (P0.05) in the FP (N) treatment at the full stage of tillering was higher than that of CM (N) and CM (-N) treatment; the water soluble nitrate nitrogen in soil was positively correlated with the water soluble total nitrogen (P0.05), alkaline nitrogen and water-soluble nitrogen, water soluble total nitrogen, extraction ammonium nitrogen, and exchangeable ammonium nitrogen were significant (P0.05) positive correlation (except for return to green period). The soil urease activity of FP (N), CM (N) and CM (-N) in late rice was higher than that of CK treatment, and there was no significant difference between FP (N) and CM (N). The accumulation of nitrogen and nitrogen were significantly higher than that of CK, PK, M (20%N), and FP (N) treatment (P0.05) was higher than CM (-N). CM (N), the agronomic utilization rate of late rice was 16.53, 18.82, respectively, and the apparent utilization rate of late rice was 48.07% and 48.41% respectively. The treatment of FP (N) showed that organic manure combined with chemical nitrogen fertilizer could keep the grain yield, biomass and nitrogen accumulation of late rice, increase the agricultural utilization rate and apparent utilization rate of late rice, and.5. field whole rotation test results showed that the grain yield of FP (N), CM (N), CM (-N), and the accumulation of nitrogen in the upper part of the ground were all obvious. (P0.05) higher than CK, PK, M (20%N) treatment, the grain yield of FP (N) treatment was higher than CM (N) and CM (-N) treatment. Treatment significantly (P0.05) was higher than CM (N) treatment; (CM (N), CM (-N) treatment of rice apparent utilization rate was 42.16%, 44.07%, respectively, significant (P0.05) higher than FP (N) treatment, and CM (N) and treatment no significant difference, indicating that the organic manure with nitrogen and nitrogen reduction treatment can significantly increase the utilization of nitrogen fertilizer nitrogen in the whole rotation of rice, but not favorable. Keep the continuous high yield of rice.
【学位授予单位】：浙江大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S153.6;S511.42

【参考文献】