陕北黄土丘陵区山地苹果园的土壤水分动态研究

发布时间：2018-06-29 04:16

本文选题：苹果园 + 土壤水分　；参考：《中国生态农业学报》2017年05期

【摘要】：掌握土壤水分特征是实现果园科学管理、有限雨水资源合理高效利用、保证果树高产优质的关键。以陕北米脂山地6年生红富士苹果园为研究对象,于2015年4月—2016年6月采用FDR、中子水分仪和烘干法相结合的土壤水分监测方法,分析了山地苹果园的土壤水分总体特征、单株不同位点的水分动态以及不同旱作措施(秸秆覆盖、起垄覆膜垄沟集雨、有机肥覆盖)的土壤水分环境效应。结果表明:陕北山地果园时段干旱严重,最严重的为苹果树新梢生长和幼果发育期;春季土壤干旱程度取决于上年入冬前土壤储水量高低。果园0~60 cm土层(根系分布集中层)水分随降雨量而变化,表现为较一致的季节变化特征;土壤水分的变化滞后于降雨变化,且降雨对土壤水分的影响随土层加深而减弱,100 cm深土层受降雨影响减弱,土壤剖面200 cm以下土层土壤含水量保持相对稳定。6年生山地苹果园土壤已经出现干化现象,且在90~300 cm存在明显的低湿层,土壤体积含水量常年处在12%以下。苹果树单株尺度范围内,土壤含水量随距树干距离增加单调递增;土壤水分的平均值处在距树干105 cm处;沿行向距树干不同距离位点的土壤含水量显著高于沿株向距树干等距离位点的含水量(P0.05)。秸秆覆盖、起垄覆膜垄沟集雨和有机肥覆盖措施相较于空白对照(不覆盖、不灌溉)均能有效改善土壤水分环境,缓解果树生育期内水分供需矛盾,其中起垄覆膜垄沟集雨措施的保墒效果最佳,建议陕北黄土丘陵区山地雨养苹果园采用起垄覆膜垄沟集雨的保墒措施。
[Abstract]:Mastering the characteristics of soil moisture is the key to the scientific management of orchard, the rational and efficient utilization of limited Rain Water resources, and the guarantee of high yield and high quality of fruit trees. The soil moisture monitoring method based on FDR, neutron moisture meter and drying method was used to analyze the general characteristics of soil moisture in the apple orchard in northern Shaanxi, which was 6 years old red Fuji apple orchard from April 2015 to June 2016, using the method of FDR, neutron moisture meter and drying method. The water dynamics at different sites per plant and the effects of different dry cropping measures (straw mulching, ridge and furrow mulching, organic fertilizer mulching) on soil moisture and environment were studied. The results showed that drought was serious in mountain orchard period of northern Shaanxi, the most serious was apple tree shoot growth and young fruit development period, and the soil drought degree in spring depended on the soil water storage before last winter. The variation of soil moisture with rainfall in the soil layer of 0 ~ 60 cm (concentrated layer of root distribution) is consistent with the rainfall, and the change of soil moisture lags behind the change of rainfall. The effect of rainfall on soil moisture was weakened with the deepening of soil layer, and the effect of rainfall on 100 cm deep soil layer was weakened, the soil moisture content of soil below 200 cm soil profile remained relatively stable, and the soil drying phenomenon appeared in 6 year old mountain apple orchard. The soil volume water content was below 12%. In the single tree scale range, the soil moisture content increased monotonously with the increase of the distance from the tree trunk, and the average soil moisture content was 105 cm from the tree trunk. The soil moisture content at different distance points from trunk along row was significantly higher than that from equidistant site along plant direction (P0.05). Straw mulching, ridge and furrow mulching and organic fertilizer mulching can effectively improve the soil moisture environment and alleviate the contradiction of water supply and demand in fruit tree growth period compared with the blank control (no mulching, no irrigation). Among them, the effect of ridge-mulching and furrow rainwater collection is the best. It is suggested that ridge and film mulch furrow should be used to preserve soil moisture in mountain rain-fed apple orchard in the loess hilly region of northern Shaanxi.
【作者单位】：西北农林科技大学资源环境学院;农业部西北植物营养与农业环境重点实验室;西北农林科技大学园艺学院;
【基金】：国家自然科学基金项目(41571218) 陕西省科技统筹创新工程计划项目(2014KTCL02-06) 陕西省果业专项(榆林山地苹果试验站建设)资助~~
【分类号】：S152.7;S661.1

【相似文献】