几种植物黄萎病病原鉴定、致病性分化和棉花不同生育期感病性研究

发布时间：2018-07-01 16:25

本文选题：黄萎病 + 越冬　；参考：《石河子大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：2014-2016年从石河子大学试验站、石河子大学试验场、伊犁特克斯县农业技术示范园、博尔塔拉蒙古自治州、石河子市121团葡萄站、133团、142团采集到的棉花、秋葵、向日葵、亚麻、茄子、榆树、苘麻、红花、绿豆和白菜10种不同作物黄萎病发病植株共分离到14个黄萎病菌株。根据形态学鉴定、分子生物学鉴定和致病性测定,14个黄萎病菌株均被鉴定为大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae)。其中除秋葵黄萎病内地已有报道外,红花黄萎病和亚麻黄萎病至今国内未见报道,它们是国内新发现的两种黄萎病。当前新疆棉花黄萎病的发生面积较大,在其重病田轮作倒茬时,建议不要种植红花、秋葵和亚麻,以免引起不必要的损失。用12个来自不同作物的黄萎病菌株在8种植物上进行交互接种试验查明,从博尔塔拉蒙古自治州89团采集的秋葵黄萎病菌株严重感染秋葵,却不感染棉花、苘麻、红花、向日葵,对茄子和绿豆的感染率非常低。从伊犁特克斯县采集的向日葵黄萎病菌株严重感染向日葵,却不感染红花,对棉花的发病率也很低。从石河子121团和133团保护地采集的茄子黄萎病菌株严重感染茄子,却不感染红花和亚麻。从石河子142团绿豆上分离出的黄萎病菌株对绿豆的致病性较强,却不感染茄子。从石河子大学试验站病圃中不同作物分离出的黄萎病菌株对棉花、红花、秋葵、向日葵的致病性都很强,对茄子的致病性很低。说明在大丽轮枝菌中存在一定的致病性分化。微菌核是黄萎病菌最主要的初次侵染来源,实验初步证明,越冬后的微菌核可能存在一个短暂的休眠期和恢复期,主要表现为同样情况下越冬后的微菌核其萌发率降低,萌发速率变缓,其菌落生长速度也比不越冬的微菌核要慢。另外经菌丝越冬试验还发现,尽管越冬后大部分菌丝消解,但可能仍有部分菌丝存活,这些土壤中部分存活的菌丝,也可能成为初次侵染的来源,有关这方面的研究,尚未见详细报道,有待继续研究。经不同生育阶段接种试验,初步查明,对2叶期至9叶期棉花进行接种,都能发病,但以4-7叶期发病最重。棉花一般在6叶期左右现蕾,这一结果与原苏联学者别列赛普金娜(1986)认为“该病在棉花营养生长期的不同阶段都可侵入,2-6片真叶至现蕾期是最容易感病的时期”比较相符;与国内部分学者认为“现蕾前抗病,现蕾后感病”的结论有些不符。具体棉花何时最易感病?有待继续研究。经棉田不同土层中温度及其对病菌生长抑制作用的观测,结果表明自5月11日观测起,表层土壤温度不断升高,特别在五月下旬和六月上中旬这段时间,植株尚处于幼苗期,行间地膜大部分裸露,被太阳直晒,土壤表层5~10cm土层中的最高温度大部分都在30℃以上,甚至超过35℃和40℃;既使20 cm土层中的最高温度大部分也在30℃以上。尤其5月25日-6月18日(降雨)这段时间,其最高温度大都在35℃以上,有些甚至超过40℃。经观察,在这种情况下,埋入5cm土层中的黄萎病菌因高温不长;埋入10 cm土层中黄萎病菌生长速度仅为30 cm土层中病菌生长速度的47.4%,既使埋入20 cm土层中黄萎病菌的生长速度也受到一定抑制。据有关文献介绍:微菌核主要存在于0~20cm土层中,气温对棉花黄萎病发生的临界温度是平均温度27℃~28℃,或最高气温35℃,看来地温对黄萎病发生的影响与此也基本相符。六月中旬后,由于植株不断长高,随着棉花叶片的遮光作用越来越明显,供测各层土壤温度开始逐渐下降,黄萎病也逐渐发生并加重。这种现象与我们观测结果基本一致。
[Abstract]:2014-2016 years from the Shihezi University test station, the Shihezi University test field, the Yili Turks County Agricultural Technology Demonstration Garden, the Bortala Mongolia Autonomous Prefecture, the Shihezi 121 regiment grape station, the 133 regiment, the sunflower, the sunflower, the flax, the eggplant, the elm, the red flower, the mung bean and the cabbage, 10 different crops of Verticillium wilt disease A total of 14 Verticillium wilt strains were isolated. According to morphological identification, molecular identification and pathogenicity, 14 Verticillium wilt strains were identified as Verticillium dahliae. In addition to the reports of Verticillium Wilt in the mainland of okra, Verticillium Wilt and Flax Wilt have not been reported in China. They are newly discovered at home. Two kinds of Verticillium wilt. At present, the area of Verticillium Wilt of cotton in Xinjiang is large. In the rotation of the heavy disease field, it is suggested not to plant red flowers, okra and flax to avoid unnecessary loss. 12 plants of Verticillium wilt from different crops have been inoculated on 8 plants and obtained from 89 regiments from the Mongolia Autonomous Prefecture of Mongolia Autonomous Prefecture. The Verticillium Wilt Pathogen of okra is seriously infected with okra, but it does not infect cotton. The infection rate of Eggplant and mung is very low. The sunflower Verticillium Wilt Pathogen from Yili's tex county is seriously infected with sunflower, but it does not infect red flowers, and the incidence of cotton is very low. From Shihezi 121 regiments and 133 regiments of protected areas. The Verticillium wilt strain of eggplant is seriously infected with eggplant, but it does not infect red flowers and flax. The pathogenicity of Verticillium wilt strains isolated from the 142 regiments of Shihezi green bean is stronger than eggplant. The pathogenicity of Verticillium wilt strains isolated from different crops from the disease nursery of Shihezi University is very pathogenic to cotton, safflower, okra and sunflower. The pathogenicity of eggplant is very low. It shows that there is a certain pathogenicity in the Rhizoctonia dahliae. The micro sclerotium is the main source of primary infection of Verticillium wilt. The experiment has proved that the micro sclerotium may have a short dormancy period and a recovery period after the winter, which is mainly manifested in the germination rate of the micro sclerotium in the same case after overwintering. The rate of germination was slower and the growth rate of the colony was slower than that of the non wintering sclerotium. In addition, it was also found that although most mycelium disappeared after the overwintering, some of the mycelium may still survive, and some of the surviving mycelium in these soils may also be the primary source of infection, and the research on this aspect has not been seen yet. In detail, it needs to be studied in detail. After inoculation at different stages of birth, it is found that the inoculation of cotton from 2 to 9 leaves can occur, but the disease is the most serious in the 4-7 leaf period. The cotton is generally bud in the 6 leaf period. This result and the former Soviet scholar Bie Leo Sai Pugin Aa (1986) believe that "the disease is different in the stage of cotton growth." The period of 2-6 slices of true leaf to bud is the most susceptible period. It was shown that the surface soil temperature increased continuously since May 11th, especially in late May and mid June. The plant was still in the seedling stage. Most of the interlayer film was exposed to the sun, and the highest temperature in the 5~10cm soil layer was above 30 degrees C, even more than 35 and 40 C, even in the 20 cm soil layer. Most of the maximum temperature is above 30 degrees C. Especially in the period of -6 month 18 (rainfall) May 25th, the maximum temperature is above 35 degrees C, and some even over 40. It is observed that in this case, the pathogen of Verticillium Wilt in the 5cm soil layer is not long, and the growth rate of Verticillium Wilt in the 10 cm soil layer is only the growth of the 30 cm soil layer. The speed of 47.4%, even the growth rate of Verticillium Wilt in the 20 cm soil layer is also restrained. According to the relevant literature, the micro sclerotium is mainly in the 0~20cm soil layer, the critical temperature of the temperature to the cotton Verticillium wilt is 27 C ~28 C, or the highest temperature 35 C. It seems that the effect of the ground temperature on the occurrence of Verticillium wilt is also basic. In the middle of June, the soil temperature in each layer began to decline gradually and the Verticillium wilt gradually took place and aggravated with the growing height of the plant, as the light shading effect of the cotton leaves became more and more obvious. This phenomenon was basically consistent with the results of our observation.
【学位授予单位】：石河子大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：S432.4

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