长期施肥对黄壤性水稻土磷平衡及农学阈值的影响

发布时间：2018-07-14 17:59

【摘要】：【目的】研究长期施肥条件下土壤有效磷(Olsen-P)的演变特征及土壤磷素的累积状况,分析土壤磷素累积与土壤有效磷的响应关系,明确Olsen-P的农学阈值及合理磷肥施用量,为西南黄壤地区科学施用磷肥提供理论依据。【方法】以贵州黄壤肥力与肥料长期定位试验为平台,选择试验中6个处理分别是不施肥(CK)、偏施氮钾肥(NK)、常量氮磷钾肥(NPK)、常量有机肥(M)、减1/2有机肥+减1/2氮磷钾肥(1/2 M+1/2 NPK)和常量有机肥+常量氮磷钾肥(MNPK)。分析西南黄壤性水稻土19年(1995—2013)土壤Olsen-P含量与植株吸磷量,研究土壤Olsen-P的变化规律及土壤累积磷盈亏状况,通过Mitscherlich方程模拟作物相对产量对土壤Olsen-P的响应关系,明确西南黄壤性水稻土的农学阈值,并分析Olsen-P与施肥量之间的关系。【结果】长期施用磷肥处理可显著提高土壤Olsen-P含量,各施磷处理Olsen-P年增长速率在0.72—2.47 mg·kg~(-1)·a~(-1),其中MNPK处理Olsen-P增长速率最大,NPK处理最小,主要与施肥量的高低有关;有机肥配施化学磷肥比单施化学磷肥和单施有机肥更能有效地促进作物对磷素的吸收;不施磷处理土壤磷素一直处于亏缺状态,施磷处理土壤磷素盈余量为176—1 200kg·hm~(-2),其中MNPK处理磷素盈余量最高;土壤累积磷盈余量与土壤Olsen-P增量呈显著线性相关,土壤中磷素每盈余100 kg·hm~(-2),NPK、M、1/2M+1/2NPK、MNPK处理Olsen-P含量分别提高4.0、2.0、3.2和2.0 mg·kg~(-1);土壤每年磷盈亏和Olsen-P含量与磷肥施用量呈极显著正相关关系,磷肥用量(纯P)17.4 kg·hm~(-2)时土壤磷盈亏呈持平状态,西南黄壤性水稻土Olsen-P的农学阈值为15.8 mg·kg~(-1);对应的施肥量(纯P)为每年37.2 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。【结论】土壤有效磷随土壤磷素盈余而变化,同时与磷素投入量密切相关,当磷肥用量(纯P)为17.4 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)土壤磷素呈持平状态。当磷肥用量(纯P)为37.2 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)时,可获得较高作物产量,磷肥当季利用率高,且磷素在土壤中累积较少。当磷肥用量(纯P)大于37.2 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)时,作物产量对磷肥用量无响应,大量磷素累积在土壤中,增加土壤磷素的流失风险。土壤中累积磷盈余量一定的情况下,西南黄壤性水稻土长期单施化学磷肥提升土壤Olsen-P的速率大于施用有机肥处理。
[Abstract]:[objective] to study the evolution characteristics of soil available phosphorus (Olsen-P) and the accumulation of soil phosphorus under long-term fertilization, to analyze the relationship between soil phosphorus accumulation and soil available phosphorus, and to determine the agricultural threshold of Olsen-P and the rational application rate of phosphorus fertilizer. To provide the theoretical basis for the scientific application of phosphorus fertilizer in the yellow soil region of southwest China. [methods] based on the long-term positioning experiment of soil fertility and fertilizer in Guizhou Province, The six treatments were CK, NK, NPK, M, 1 / 2 and MNPK, respectively. Olsen-P content and plant phosphorus uptake in paddy soils of yellow soil in southwest China for 19 years (1995-2013) were analyzed. The variation of Olsen-P in soil and the profit and loss of accumulated phosphorus in soil were studied. The response of relative crop yield to Olsen-P in soil was simulated by Mitscherlich equation. The agronomic threshold of paddy soil of yellow soil in southwest China was determined, and the relationship between Olsen-P and fertilization rate was analyzed. [results] Long-term application of phosphorus fertilizer could significantly increase Olsen-P content in soil. The annual growth rate of Olsen-P was 0.72-2.47 mg kg ~ (-1) a ~ (-1), and the maximum growth rate of Olsen-P was the lowest in MNPK treatment, which was mainly related to the amount of fertilizer. Organic fertilizer combined with chemical phosphorus fertilizer can promote the absorption of phosphorus in crops more effectively than chemical phosphorus fertilizer and organic fertilizer alone. The soil phosphorus surplus was 176-1 200kg hm ~ (-2), and the soil accumulated phosphorus surplus was linearly correlated with the soil Olsen-P increment. The content of Olsen-P in soil increased by 4.0mg kg 路kg ~ (-1) and 2.0 mg / kg ~ (-1) per 100 kg / 100 kg / hm ~ (-2) of soil phosphorus, and the P profit and loss of soil and Olsen-P content were significantly positively correlated with the application rate of phosphorus fertilizer, and the P profit and loss of soil was equal at 17.4 kg / hm ~ (-2) of phosphate fertilizer application rate, and the soil phosphorus yield and loss were similar at the time of P fertilizer application (pure P) 17.4 kg hm ~ (-2), and the soil P profit and loss were significantly positive correlation with the application rate of P fertilizer at a rate of 17.4 kg hm ~ (-2). The agronomic threshold of Olsen-P was 15.8 mg kg ~ (-1) and the corresponding fertilization amount (pure P) was 37.2 kg hm ~ (-2) a ~ (-1) per year. [conclusion] soil available phosphorus varies with soil phosphorus surplus and is closely related to the amount of phosphorus input. When the amount of phosphate fertilizer (pure P) was 17.4 kg hm ~ (-2) a ~ (-1), the phosphorus content of soil was flat. When the amount of phosphate fertilizer (pure P) was 37.2 kg hm ~ (-2) a ~ (-1), the yield of crop was higher, the utilization rate of phosphorus fertilizer in season was high, and the accumulation of phosphorus in soil was less. When the amount of phosphate fertilizer (pure P) was more than 37.2 kg hm ~ (-2) a ~ (-1), the crop yield had no response to the amount of phosphorus fertilizer, and a large amount of phosphorus accumulated in the soil, which increased the risk of phosphorus loss in soil. Under the condition of the accumulation of phosphorus surplus in the soil, the rate of increasing Olsen-P in the paddy soil of yellow soil in southwest China was higher than that in the treatment of organic fertilizer.
【作者单位】：贵州省农业资源与环境研究所;农业部贵州耕地保育与农业环境科学观测实验站;贵州省农业科学院;
【基金】：国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201203030) 贵州省农业科学院自主创新专项(黔农科院自主创新专项)(2014007) 贵州省科技计划(黔科合NY字[2012]3082,黔科平台[2013]4002)
【分类号】：S158

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