桃蚜在不同类型寄主上的种下分化研究
发布时间：2018-11-18 19:55
【摘要】：桃蚜Myzus persicae (Sulzer)是一种广食性害虫,寄主范围十分广泛。但主要为害桃、李等蔷薇科,甘蓝、油菜等十字花科及烟草等茄科植物。桃蚜在与寄主植物的长期协同进化中,产生了一系列寄主专化现象,进而形成寄主专化型。然而关于桃蚜寄主专化型的研究一直备受争议。本文以桃树、甘蓝和烟草上的桃蚜为研究对象,从桃蚜对寄主的选择行为,寄主植物对桃蚜的存活率、形态分化和酶活性的影响,以及不同寄主上桃蚜在DNA水平上的分化程度等方面,探讨了桃蚜在不同寄主上的种下分化,以期为桃蚜寄主专化型研究提供更多的实例证据,同时也为物种多样性研究提供一定理论基础。主要研究结果如下：寄主选择适应性研究表明,不同寄主上的桃蚜相互转接后,桃蚜存在选择适应性的差异。本试验中,3种寄主上的桃蚜相互转接后,烟草上的桃蚜在烟草叶上的存活率最高,且表现出了对烟草叶明显的选择性和嗜食性。甘蓝上的桃蚜虽然对原寄主只表现出一定的选择趋向性,但其在甘蓝叶上的存活率相对较高,这也说明甘蓝上的桃蚜嗜食甘蓝。而桃树上的桃蚜对原寄主没有表现出明显的嗜好性,且在桃叶上的存活率较低。形态指标测定结果表明,桃树、烟草和甘蓝上的无翅孤雌成蚜的触角节Ⅰ、Ⅱ长度差异不显著;而在体长、后足腿节、触角长和触角末节的鞭部长方面存在显著差异,其中以烟草上的桃蚜体长最长,桃树上桃蚜的体长最小,而甘蓝上的桃蚜触角、后足腿节长度最长。对于其他的形态指标,3种寄主上的桃蚜虽然形态相似,但差异同样存在。这说明3种寄主上桃蚜的形态特征在种内存在一定的变异。酶活性测定结果表明,不同寄主上的桃蚜寄主转接后,其体内的消化酶、解毒酶活性随着寄主种类的改变而发生不同的变化,说明桃蚜体具有很强的生理可塑性。从寄主植物对桃蚜消化酶的影响来看,桃树和甘蓝上的桃蚜改变寄主种类后,其体内的变化趋势均为激活-抑制-激活型;烟草上的桃蚜转接到桃叶和甘蓝叶其体内的蛋白酶活性却受到了显著地抑制作用。从解毒酶方面来看,桃树上的桃蚜转接到烟草叶和甘蓝叶,其体内的羧酸酯酶活性为激活型,而乙酰胆碱酯酶活性变化趋势为抑制-抑制-激活型；烟草上的桃蚜转接到桃叶和甘蓝叶,其体内的羧酸酯酶活性受到了抑制作用,而乙酰胆碱酯酶和谷胱甘肽-S转移酶却受到了显著地激活作用；而甘蓝上的桃蚜转接桃叶和烟草叶,其体内的3种解毒酶活性变化各不相同。基因分化研究结果表明,3种寄主上桃蚜的COI、Cytb和12S rRNA基因片段具有较高的A+T含量,且平均含量高于C+G,这是昆虫线粒体基因序列碱基组成的一种共性。对三种基因片段的变异率进行比较分析,桃蚜的COI基因的变异率最高,为1.9%,可用于物种鉴定;而Cytb和12S rRNA基因的变异率相对较低,分别为0.65%和0.52%,因此,不适合桃蚜的种下分化研究。另外,基于COI基因片段的遗传距离和NJ建树分析发现,甘蓝和烟草上的桃蚜首先成聚,遗传距离为0.7%,然后再与桃树上桃蚜成聚,寄主桃树和甘蓝、烟草上桃蚜的遗传距离均为1.5%,这说明甘蓝和烟草上的桃蚜亲缘关系较近,而冬寄主(桃树)与夏寄主(甘蓝、烟草)上的桃蚜亲缘关系较远。综上所述,由于寄主选择的压力,桃蚜可能是一个正在分化的物种,不仅存在寄主上的分化,而且还存在季节性的分化。
[Abstract]:Peach and Myzus pericae (Sulzer) are a kind of omnivorous insect, and the host range is very wide. but mainly the plants of the Cruciferae and the tobacco, such as peach, plum and the like, such as Rosaceae, Brassica oleracea, and rape. In the long-term co-evolution of the host plant, the peach tree produced a series of host-specific phenomena, thus forming a host-specific type. However, the research on the host-specific type of peach is always controversial. In this paper, peach, kale and peach were used as the research object. The selection behavior of the host, the effect of host plant on the survival rate, the morphological differentiation and the enzyme activity of the peach trees, and the degree of differentiation of the nectarine on the DNA level of different hosts were studied in this paper. The differentiation of peach trees on different hosts was discussed, with a view to providing more practical evidence for the study of the host-specific type of the peach, and to provide a theoretical basis for the study of species diversity. The main results of the study are as follows: the adaptability of host selection shows that the adaptation of peach trees in different hosts is different from each other. In the experiment, the survival rate of the peach on the tobacco leaf was the highest after the peach trees on the three hosts were transferred to each other, and the obvious selectivity and the feeding habits of the tobacco leaf were shown. Although the peach trees on the cabbage show a certain tropism to the original host, the survival rate of the cabbage leaves is relatively high, which also indicates that the peach and the cabbage on the cabbage. and the peach tree on the peach tree showed no obvious preference for the original host, and the survival rate on the peach leaf was lower. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the length of the tentacles, the length of the peach, the length of the leg, the length of the antenna and the end of the antenna, and the length of the peach in the tobacco was the longest. The length of the peach on the peach tree is the smallest, and the length of the leg of the peach in the cabbage is the longest. For other morphological indexes, the morphology of the peach trees on the three hosts was similar, but the difference also existed. This indicates that the morphological characteristics of the peach trees in the three hosts have a certain variation in the species. The results of the determination of the activity of the enzyme showed that the activity of the digestive enzyme and the detoxification enzyme in the host could change with the change of the host species. The effect of the host plant on the digestive enzyme of the peach tree showed that the changes in the body of the peach and the kale were activated-inhibited-activated, and the activity of the peach on the tobacco to the leaf of the peach and the leaf of the kale was significantly inhibited. in that aspect of the detoxification enzyme, the peach tree on the peach tree is transferred to the tobacco leaf and the kale leaf, the active acid esterase activity in the peach tree is active, and the change trend of the activity of the acetylcholine esterase is the inhibition-inhibition-activation type; the peach leaf on the tobacco is transferred to the peach leaf and the kale leaf, The activity of the esterase and the glutathione S-transferase in the cabbage was inhibited, while the activity of the three detoxification enzymes in the leaves of the peach was different from that of the leaf of the peach and the leaf of the tobacco. The results of the gene differentiation show that the COI, Cytb and 12S rRNA gene fragments of the three host nectarines have a high A + T content, and the average content is higher than that of the C + G, which is a common characteristic of the sequence of the mitochondrial gene sequences of the insect. The variation rate of COI was the highest, which was 1. 9%, which could be used for species identification. The variation rate of Cytb and 12S rRNA genes was 0.65% and 0.52%, respectively. in addition, on that basis of the genetic distance of the COI gene fragment and the analysis of the NJ plant tree, the peach juice on the cabbage and the tobacco is first made into poly, the genetic distance is 0.7%, and then the genetic distance of the peach and the peach on the peach tree is 1.5%, This indicates that the relationship between the peach and the peach in the cabbage and the tobacco is close, and the peach tree in the winter host (peach) is relatively close to the peach in the summer host (cabbage, tobacco). In conclusion, due to the pressure of the host selection, the peach seed may be a species being differentiated, not only the differentiation of the host, but also the seasonal differentiation.
【学位授予单位】：山西农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S433.39
本文编号：2341034
[Abstract]:Peach and Myzus pericae (Sulzer) are a kind of omnivorous insect, and the host range is very wide. but mainly the plants of the Cruciferae and the tobacco, such as peach, plum and the like, such as Rosaceae, Brassica oleracea, and rape. In the long-term co-evolution of the host plant, the peach tree produced a series of host-specific phenomena, thus forming a host-specific type. However, the research on the host-specific type of peach is always controversial. In this paper, peach, kale and peach were used as the research object. The selection behavior of the host, the effect of host plant on the survival rate, the morphological differentiation and the enzyme activity of the peach trees, and the degree of differentiation of the nectarine on the DNA level of different hosts were studied in this paper. The differentiation of peach trees on different hosts was discussed, with a view to providing more practical evidence for the study of the host-specific type of the peach, and to provide a theoretical basis for the study of species diversity. The main results of the study are as follows: the adaptability of host selection shows that the adaptation of peach trees in different hosts is different from each other. In the experiment, the survival rate of the peach on the tobacco leaf was the highest after the peach trees on the three hosts were transferred to each other, and the obvious selectivity and the feeding habits of the tobacco leaf were shown. Although the peach trees on the cabbage show a certain tropism to the original host, the survival rate of the cabbage leaves is relatively high, which also indicates that the peach and the cabbage on the cabbage. and the peach tree on the peach tree showed no obvious preference for the original host, and the survival rate on the peach leaf was lower. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the length of the tentacles, the length of the peach, the length of the leg, the length of the antenna and the end of the antenna, and the length of the peach in the tobacco was the longest. The length of the peach on the peach tree is the smallest, and the length of the leg of the peach in the cabbage is the longest. For other morphological indexes, the morphology of the peach trees on the three hosts was similar, but the difference also existed. This indicates that the morphological characteristics of the peach trees in the three hosts have a certain variation in the species. The results of the determination of the activity of the enzyme showed that the activity of the digestive enzyme and the detoxification enzyme in the host could change with the change of the host species. The effect of the host plant on the digestive enzyme of the peach tree showed that the changes in the body of the peach and the kale were activated-inhibited-activated, and the activity of the peach on the tobacco to the leaf of the peach and the leaf of the kale was significantly inhibited. in that aspect of the detoxification enzyme, the peach tree on the peach tree is transferred to the tobacco leaf and the kale leaf, the active acid esterase activity in the peach tree is active, and the change trend of the activity of the acetylcholine esterase is the inhibition-inhibition-activation type; the peach leaf on the tobacco is transferred to the peach leaf and the kale leaf, The activity of the esterase and the glutathione S-transferase in the cabbage was inhibited, while the activity of the three detoxification enzymes in the leaves of the peach was different from that of the leaf of the peach and the leaf of the tobacco. The results of the gene differentiation show that the COI, Cytb and 12S rRNA gene fragments of the three host nectarines have a high A + T content, and the average content is higher than that of the C + G, which is a common characteristic of the sequence of the mitochondrial gene sequences of the insect. The variation rate of COI was the highest, which was 1. 9%, which could be used for species identification. The variation rate of Cytb and 12S rRNA genes was 0.65% and 0.52%, respectively. in addition, on that basis of the genetic distance of the COI gene fragment and the analysis of the NJ plant tree, the peach juice on the cabbage and the tobacco is first made into poly, the genetic distance is 0.7%, and then the genetic distance of the peach and the peach on the peach tree is 1.5%, This indicates that the relationship between the peach and the peach in the cabbage and the tobacco is close, and the peach tree in the winter host (peach) is relatively close to the peach in the summer host (cabbage, tobacco). In conclusion, due to the pressure of the host selection, the peach seed may be a species being differentiated, not only the differentiation of the host, but also the seasonal differentiation.
【学位授予单位】：山西农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：S433.39
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