明代京杭运河通航效率研究基于通航状况的成本分析

发布时间：2018-03-12 20:37

本文选题：明朝　切入点：京杭运河　出处：《清华大学》2014年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：京杭运河，纵贯南北，是我国东部地区重要的水上交通线。历史上，尤其是在漕运高度发达的明清时期，京杭运河作为沟通南北的交通孔道，对维持朝廷的正常运转和促进南北物质文化的交流起到了重要作用，但是作为专为漕运而兴修的公共工程，它在多大程度上和以何代价发挥了“水利”，值得反思！在此背景下，笔者想以明代大运河为例，在既有研究的基础上，通过对历史文献的深入挖掘和系统分析，阐明运河的自然地理基础，从具体的时空维度仔细究明运河的通航状况，并从成本、物资流通的角度切入，考察运河的通航效率，在此基础上形成对运河的客观认识。自运河的地理环境基础而言，京杭运河南北跨度大，沿运地区的自然地理环境复杂多变，时空尺度上的差异变化不利于运河的开挖、通航和维护，其通航能力因此而受到很大的制约。揆诸历史实际，有明一代，运河的通航状况并不理想，表现为：一、运河故障频次颇高，尤其是闸漕、河漕，或溃或淤，故障频繁；二、故障之外，漕河上或闸或坝、或洪或溜，盘剥牵挽，航行不便；三、权力、身份等因素使得不同类型的船只在运河上航行的便利程度差异巨大。凡此种种，使得运河运行的成本高昂：一方面，开挖和维护运道均耗费巨大，河工频兴，夫役繁巨，但即便如此，运河的航运条件仍不理想，人力助运不胜劳苦，沿途使费五花八门，故而转输费用往往倍于物值；另一方面，人为因素使得运河运行的间接成本高企，这主要包括漕政腐败导致的物力虚耗、权力渗透对漕河运行秩序的破坏、漕河治理过程中与民争利格局下的利益损失、“曲护运道”而造成的严重的社会生态后果等。至于功能，运河首要保障的是朝廷主导下的物资调拨，主要包括粮食、建材等大宗粗重物资和宫廷日用消费品，此是其政治保障功能的体现；漕运之外，商品性的物资流通亦有不少，，诸如粮食、棉布、丝织品及其他杂货的贩运达到了一定的规模，但总体上看，运河上的商品流通仍然是以区域内部的流通为主，此是其商业价值的体现。因此，所谓的运河“水利”，既受制于其自然禀赋的“先天”不足，又因人为因素导致了巨大的虚耗，其背后的代价是惊人的，从成本—收益的角度而言，运河的通航效率是不能太过高估的。
[Abstract]:The Beijing-Hangzhou Canal, which runs north and south, is an important waterway in the eastern part of China. In history, especially during the Ming and Qing dynasties, when water transport was highly developed, the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal was used as a channel of communication between the north and the south. It has played an important role in maintaining the normal operation of the imperial court and promoting the exchange of material and culture between the north and the south, but as a public project built specifically for the transport of water, to what extent and at what cost did it play a role in "water conservancy", it is worth reflecting on! Under this background, taking the Grand Canal in Ming Dynasty as an example, on the basis of the existing research, through the deep excavation and systematic analysis of historical documents, the author intends to clarify the natural geographical basis of the Canal. This paper makes a careful study of the navigation condition of the canal from the specific dimension of time and space, and explores the navigation efficiency of the canal from the angle of cost and material circulation, and on this basis forms an objective understanding of the canal. As far as the geographical and environmental basis of the canal is concerned, the Beijing-Hangzhou Canal has a large span between the north and the south, and the natural geographical environment along the transport area is complex and changeable. The difference in space-time scale is not conducive to the excavation, navigation and maintenance of the canal. As a result, the navigation capacity of the canal was greatly restricted. In the Ming Dynasty, the navigation condition of the canal was not ideal, as follows: first, the canal malfunctioned quite frequently, especially the sluice channel, the river channel, or the collapse or siltation; and second, the canal broke down frequently. In addition to the fault, the Caohe River is either a sluice or dam, or a flood or a slip, which makes it difficult to navigate; third, factors such as power and identity make the convenience of different types of ships on the canal greatly different. The cost of running the canal is high: on the one hand, it costs a lot to excavate and maintain the transportation routes, and the river works frequently, and its servants are numerous, but even so, the shipping conditions of the canal are still not ideal, and the labor force can't help the transportation of the canal, and it costs a great deal of money along the way. On the other hand, the indirect cost of canal operation is high because of human factors, which mainly include the waste of material resources caused by corruption of the canal and the destruction of the order of operation of the Caohe River caused by the infiltration of power. In the process of controlling the Caohe River, the loss of benefits under the pattern of competing with the people for profit, the serious social and ecological consequences caused by "curved and protected transportation roads", and so on. As for the function, the main guarantee of the canal is the allocation of goods and materials under the leadership of the imperial court, mainly including grain. Large quantities of heavy materials such as building materials and consumer goods for the daily use of the palace are the embodiment of its political security function. In addition to the transportation by water, there are also quite a few commodities in circulation, such as grain, cotton cloth, silk fabrics and other groceries, which have reached a certain scale. But on the whole, the circulation of goods on the canal is still dominated by the circulation within the region, which is the embodiment of its commercial value. Therefore, the so-called canal "water conservancy" is not only constrained by the "innate" deficiency of its natural endowment, but also caused by human factors. The cost behind it is staggering, from a cost-benefit perspective. The navigation efficiency of the canal should not be overestimated.
【学位授予单位】：清华大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：U61-09;K248

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