小浪底调水调沙对黄河口来水来沙条件和海岸线演变规律的影响研究

发布时间：2018-05-27 09:18

本文选题：调水调沙 + 来水来沙　；参考：《山东农业大学》2014年硕士论文

【摘要】：海岸带是人类生存和社会经济发展的前锋地带，在全球生态环境变化中占据重要地位。海岸带的时空演变规律分析是研究海岸对各种人类活动响应的最基本课题。海岸线的变化在一定程度上往往对沿海地区的生态环境带来严重危害，严重阻碍经济发展。黄河尾闾迁徙频繁，是世界上海岸线变化最快的地区，生态环境极为脆弱。因此，加强海岸线研究对黄河口地区经济社会的可持续发展具有现实而深远的意义，对海岸带的整体规划布局提供一定的实际参考价值。本文以黄河口海岸带为研究区域，以3S为主要技术手段，以1976-2010年黄河利津站的水文数据资料和14个时段的Landsat卫星遥感影像为基础，采用统计资料分析与实践探讨相结合、定性分析与定量分析相结合的方法，从小浪底运行前后黄河口来水来沙条件的变化规律入手，，以黄河口海岸线动态过程为主线，科学地探讨黄河来水来沙条件与河口海岸线演变的关系，揭示了调水调沙作用对河口海岸线的影响机制，进而建立了科学的调控措施。研究结果表明： 1976-2010年黄河来水来沙量呈逐年减少趋势和丰枯水沙交替变化的特征，主要集中在汛期（7-10月），年际波动剧烈，年内变化呈单峰形式，90年代断流现象频繁发生；黄河口海岸线阶段性变化显著，淤积强于侵蚀，整体以向海推进为主，海岸线长度平均每年增加1.1km，沙嘴向海域延伸0.34km，造陆6.4km2，海岸线形状趋于简单化。小浪底调水调沙作用使黄河汛期始期提前至6月，结束期延长至11月，水沙量年内分布趋于均匀，但较天然条件下偏少27.4%，72.1%；优化了水沙配置，使水沙比和来沙系数稳定在0.01t/m3、0.01kg·s/m6左右；使黄河口全年保持一定的流量和3000~4000m3/s的洪峰量，有效遏制了断流的发生，在一定程度上使泥沙组成明显粗化。清水沟流路时期（1977-1995年），较高的径流量及输沙水平使海岸线迅速淤积扩张，海岸线长度每年增加1.63km，沙嘴延伸0.91km，造陆速14km2，海岸形状趋于复杂；北汊流路初期（1996-2003年），极少的来水来沙量及恶化的水沙配置使海岸线整体呈蚀退状态，沙嘴共蚀退3.6km，陆地面积减少69.68km2，海岸线长度在1999-2003年减少12.57km；调水调沙初期（2003-2006年），海岸线淤积强度明显优于天然条件，海岸线长度平均每年增加4.3km，沙嘴延伸0.9km，造陆28km2，海岸线形状趋于简单，其中，海岸线长度增速是改道初期的2倍，每亿吨泥沙的沙嘴延伸长度是改道初期的2.9倍，造陆速率是改道初期的1.34倍；近几年（2006-2010年），虽有调水调沙作用保证黄河不断流，但较低的水沙量使海岸遭受侵蚀，海岸线长度平均每年减少2.9km，沙嘴侵蚀1.1km，陆地损失13.75km2。沙嘴延伸速率受制于水沙比的变化，二者呈比较明显的一元二次方程关系：V=-13539r2+576.85r-5.2906（其中，V为沙嘴变幅速率，r为利津站水沙比）；造陆快慢与来沙系数呈明显的负相关关系。由此可见，合理的调水调沙可使海岸线朝淤积的方向良性发展，不合理的调水调沙将使河口海岸面临被蚀退的危险。通过调水调沙控制利津站水沙比在0.02t/m3左右和来沙系数稳定在0.01-0.015(kg·s)/m（6即径流量251亿m3、输沙量3-4亿t、含沙量6.34-9.52kg/m3）是海岸线良性发展的临界条件。据预测分析，2011-2020年北汊沙嘴附近海岸线将进一步向海域延伸，南部沙嘴将延续蚀退状态，海岸线整体更趋于平直圆滑，逐渐向动态平衡过渡。
[Abstract]:Coastal zone is the forward zone of human existence and socio - economic development , and plays an important role in global ecological environment change .

Taking the Yellow River Estuary as the research area , based on 3S as the main technical means , combining with the hydrological data of the Yellow River Lijin Station in 1976 - 2010 and the remote sensing images of 14 periods , the paper adopts the method of combining the statistical data analysis and the practical exploration , analyses the relationship between the sediment condition and the coastal coastline of the Yellow River from the Yellow River Estuary before and after the operation of the Yellow River Estuary , and reveals the mechanism of the influence on the coastline of the Yellow River and further establishes the scientific control measures . The results show that :

In 1976 - 2010 , the sediment yield of the Yellow River is decreasing year by year , which is mainly concentrated in the flood season ( July - October ) , the annual fluctuation is violent , the annual change takes the form of single peak , and the phenomenon of broken flow in the 1990s happens frequently ;
The coastline of the Yellow River Estuary has a remarkable step change , the siltation is stronger than that of the erosion , the whole is promoted to the sea , the length of the coastline is increased by 1.1 km , the sand mouth extends to the sea area by 0.34 km , the land formation is 6.4km2 , and the shape of the coastline tends to be simplified .

During the flood season of the Yellow River from June to June at the beginning of the flood season of the Yellow River , the distribution of sediment in the sediment of the Yellow River tended to be uniform in the end of the flood season of the Yellow River . However , it was 27 . 4 % and 72 . 1 % less than those under natural conditions .
The water - sand ratio is optimized to stabilize the water - sand ratio and the sediment transport coefficient in the range of 0.01 t / m3 and 0.01 kg 路 s / m6 ;
so that the whole year of the yellow river mouth can maintain a certain flow rate and the flood peak amount of 3000 - 4000m3 / s , effectively restrain the occurrence of the broken flow , and make the sediment composition obviously coarse to a certain extent .

In the clear water channel period ( 1977 - 1995 ) , the high runoff and sediment transport increased the coastline rapidly , the length of the coastline increased by 1.63km , the sand mouth extended 0.91 km , the land formation speed was 14km2 , and the coastal shape tends to be complex ;
In the early stage of the North Water Diversion Project ( 1996 - 2003 ) , there are very little water supply to the sand quantity and the deteriorating water and sand configuration , so that the coastline is totally eroded , the erosion of the sand mouth is reduced by 3.6 km , the land area is reduced by 69.68km2 , and the length of the coastline is reduced by 12.57km in 1999 - 2003 ;
During the initial period of water - adjusting and sand - adjusting ( 2003 - 2006 ) , the coastal line siltation intensity is obviously better than that of natural conditions , the average length of the coastline is increased by 4.3 km , the sand mouth extends 0.9 km , the land - forming 28km2 , the shape of the coastline tends to be simple , and the extension length of the sand mouth of each billion tons of sediment is 2.9 times of the initial period , and the land - forming rate is 1.34 times of the initial period of the diversion ;
In recent years ( 2006 - 2010 ) , although the Yellow River continues to flow under the action of water - regulating and sand - adjusting , the average annual decline of coastal lines is 2.9 km , the coastal line length is reduced by 2.9km , the sand mouth erosion is 1.1 km , the land loss is 13.75km2 . The extension rate of the sand mouth is influenced by the change of the water - sand ratio , and the relationship between the two quadratic equations is as follows : V = -13539r2 + 576.85r - 5.2906 ( where V is the change rate of the sand mouth , r is the water - sand ratio of the Lijin station ) ;
There was a significant negative correlation between the velocity of the formation and the sediment transport coefficient .

From this , it can be seen that the reasonable water - adjusting and sand - adjusting can make the coastline face the siltation direction . The unreasonable water - regulating and sand - adjusting will cause the coastal coast to face the danger of erosion . According to the forecast analysis , the coastline near the north branch of the north branch of 2011 - 2020 will be further extended to the sea area , and the southern Sha Tsui will continue to erosion and retreat , and the whole coastline will be more flat and smooth , and gradually transition to the dynamic balance .
【学位授予单位】：山东农业大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2014
【分类号】：TV14;P737.1

【参考文献】