山西省煤炭资源开发动态化生态补偿机制研究

发布时间：2018-01-06 04:26

本文关键词：山西省煤炭资源开发动态化生态补偿机制研究　出处：《山西大学》2015年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：山西省作为资源依赖型地区,煤炭是其支柱产业,然而长期以来对煤炭资源的过度开采加之对环境保护的不重视,导致了严重的生态环境破坏和资源损耗,煤炭开采给生态环境造成的代价高昂,根据国际环保组织自然资源保护协会2014年发布的《2012煤炭真实报告》的数据可知,一吨煤的生态代价高达260元,然而当前为每吨煤炭造成的生态环境破坏而“买单”的价格却只有50元,远远低于煤炭开发的生态代价,山西省目前正经受着煤炭价格下跌、成本增加和生态代价上涨的多重压力,煤炭资源生态补偿已经刻不容缓,构建科学合理的生态补偿机制对于山西省这样一个资源型地区来说意义重大。本文首先对生态补偿的内涵进行了界定,认为煤炭资源开发生态补偿是指在煤炭资源开发的各个阶段,资源环境的破坏者和资源环境的保护者通过资金、实物、项目、技术等各种补偿手段,对生态环境进行修复和重建、对生态系统功能进行补偿、减少资源消耗、限制对生态资源的需要的所有行为活动和机制制度的总和。之后结合生态环境演化机理、动态补偿机理以及生态补偿应遵循的可持续发展原则和自我补偿原则,提出了山西省煤炭资源开发的动态补偿思路,即改变传统的“先破坏,后补偿”的事后一次性补偿方式,采用分阶段的“边开采,边补偿”的动态补偿方式。由生态环境演化机理可知,外来干扰对生态环境的破坏分为三个阶段：可自我恢复原有平衡阶段、需要人为干预实现新的平衡阶段、不可逆或者需要很大代价才能恢复阶段。另外由生态补偿的可持续发展原则可知：生态补偿首先是可持续的、高效的补偿,要能够用最小的投入获得最大的成效,当补偿代价极大而补偿效果微乎其微时,就不能一味的追求当前矿区的生态恢复,而应该考虑产业转型或者异地补偿；最后生态补偿也要认识到经济发展和环境保护的关系,既不能为了经济发展破坏环境,同样也不能为了环境保护而影响经济发展。本文通过构建煤炭产量和各项环境损失(水污染、废气污染和重金属污染)的时间序列模型,判断出山西省煤炭生态系统演化符合生态系统演化的一般规律,且煤炭资源开发对生态环境的上述三方面的影响处于生态系统演化的第Ⅱ阶段,能够通过人为干预,实现新的平衡。由于宏观统计数据的缺失,本文无法对土地塌陷和地下水位破坏问题进行实证分析,但是这两方面的破坏大多属于计划经济时期的历史遗留矿山和煤炭资源整合前众多难以监管的小煤矿,破坏非常严重且修复成本非常高,因此本文认为其处于生态系统演化的第Ⅲ阶段,根据生态补偿的可持续发展原则,对这些地区的生态补偿要更多的考虑在非当前矿区进行补偿。基于以上的相关理论和实证分析,本文提出了山西省煤炭资源开发生态补偿的动态补偿策略,将补偿分为三个阶段：产前的预防性补偿、产中的即时性补偿和产后的修复性补偿。产前的预防性补偿是指在矿山建立之初,通过构建煤炭循环生产体系和对矿山企业的资质评估及宣传教育以改变大众观点来对煤炭开采过程中可能产生的生态环境破坏起到预防作用,预防性补偿旨在利用各种补偿方式降低能源消耗,提高资源利用率以及对生产过程中可能产生的污染提前预防,以便之后减少污染,实现煤炭资源开发的生态友好。产中的即时性补偿是针对在预防性补偿阶段仍然不可避免的环境污染和破坏进行及时有效的治理,主要是对所排放的废水、废气、固体废弃物进行治理,另外对煤炭开采过程中产生的污染进行即时监测和监管,实现“边开采,边补偿”。产后的修复性补偿主要针对闭坑后的矿山进行修复和对废弃矿区(包括历史遗留矿山和煤炭资源整合前的非法小煤矿)进行生态重建、产业转型或异地补偿。通过构建科学合理的山西省煤炭资源开发生态补偿体系,能够有效的遏制资源浪费和生态环境污染现象,提高煤炭资源利用率,降低煤炭资源生态补偿成本,打破“资源诅咒”,转煤炭资源优势为经济优势,实现经济和环境的协调发展。
[Abstract]:Shanxi Province as a resource dependent region, coal is the pillar industry, however, over exploitation of coal resources and pay no attention to environmental protection, resulting in the destruction of the ecological environment and resource loss serious, coal mining to the ecological environment caused by the high price, according to the international environmental protection organization of natural resources Protection Association released in 2014 <2012 the data showed that the coal report >, ecological cost a ton of coal amounted to 260 yuan, but the per ton of coal caused by the destruction of the ecological environment and pay the price of only 50 yuan, far less than the cost of coal ecological development, Shanxi province is currently experiencing a decline in coal prices, increased costs and pressures ecological cost increases, coal resources ecological compensation is imperative, build scientific and reasonable ecological compensation mechanism in Shanxi province such a resource type area to speak Significant. This paper firstly discusses the connotation of ecological compensation is defined, that ecological compensation refers to the various stages of the development of coal resources in the development of coal resources, resources environment. And resource environment protector through funds, real, project, technology and other means of compensation, restoration and reconstruction of ecological environment compensation the ecosystem function, reduce the consumption of resources, the sum of restrictions on the ecological resources needs of all activities and mechanism of the system. After the combination of ecological environment evolution mechanism, the principle of sustainable development and dynamic compensation mechanism of ecological compensation should follow and self compensation, put forward dynamic compensation idea of the development of coal resources in Shanxi Province, the first change failure the traditional "post compensation" after a one-time compensation, phase edge mining, dynamic compensation method of edge compensation ". By the ecological The environment evolution mechanism of the interference of the destruction of the ecological environment is divided into three stages: the self restoration of the original equilibrium stage, the need for human intervention to achieve the balance of the new stage of irreversible or need high price to recover stage. In addition by ecological compensation and sustainable development principle that ecological compensation firstly is sustainable, efficient compensation, to be able to achieve the maximum effect with minimum input, when the cost of compensation and the compensation effect is greatly very little, can not blindly pursue the current ecological restoration of mining area, and should consider the industrial transformation or remote compensation; finally, the ecological compensation should also recognize the relationship between economic development and environmental protection, not only to economic the development of the destruction of the environment, also not for environmental protection and the impact of the economic development. In this paper, through the construction of coal production and the environmental damage (water pollution, exhaust gas Pollution and heavy metal pollution) time series model. The judge agrees with the general regularity of evolution of the ecosystem of Shanxi province coal ecological system, and the effect of coal resources exploitation on ecological environment in the ecological system of the three aspects of the evolution of the second stage, through human intervention, to achieve a new balance. Due to the lack of macroeconomic statistics the destruction of this article can not on land subsidence and groundwater level empirical analysis, but the two of the damage mostly belongs to the planned economy period of historical mines and the integration of coal resources in the former is hard to supervision of small coal mines, very serious damage and the repair cost is very high, so that it is in the ecological system evolution III according to the principles of sustainable development, ecological compensation, ecological compensation for these areas to consider more in non mining area. Based on the current compensation The relevant theoretical and empirical analysis above, this paper proposes a dynamic compensation strategy for development of Shanxi coal resources ecological compensation, compensation will be divided into three stages: prevention of prenatal compensation, compensation of compensation and repair immediately postpartum. The preventive compensation refers to the establishment of the prenatal mine early by the construction of coal production system and the circulation of mining enterprises qualification assessment and publicity and education to change public opinion on coal mining may produce in the process of the destruction of the ecological environment to protect, prevent compensation to reduce energy consumption by using various type of compensation, improve the utilization rate of resources and may be generated in the production process to prevent pollution so, after reducing pollution, realize the ecological development of coal resources and friendly. Instant in compensation for the environment is inevitable in the prevention of compensation stage The pollution and destruction of timely and effective governance, is the main emissions of wastewater, emissions, solid waste treatment, in addition to real-time monitoring and supervision of coal mining generated in the process of pollution, to achieve "edge extraction, edge compensation". Restoration Compensation postpartum to closed pit after repair and mines the abandoned mining area (including historical mines and the integration of coal resources in the illegal small coal mine) for ecological reconstruction, industrial transformation or remote compensation. By constructing scientific and reasonable ecological compensation system of coal resources development in Shanxi Province, can effectively curb the waste of resources and environmental pollution, improve the utilization rate of coal resources, coal resources to reduce the ecological the cost of compensation, to break the "resource curse", turn coal resource advantages into economic advantages, realize the coordinated development of economy and environment.

【学位授予单位】：山西大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：F426.21;X752

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