美德与教化——基于中西比较的视域

发布时间：2018-04-30 12:18

本文选题：美德 + 教化　；参考：《孔子研究》2013年04期

【摘要】：古希腊苏格拉底提出两个重要命题:"美德即知识"和"美德可教"。在苏格拉底看来,美德是普遍的、客观的、必然的知识,是超验的,而不是那种个人的、主观的、经验的意见,因此,相对于不可教的主观意见而言,美德是知识,是可教的。围绕美德是否可教的问题,苏格拉底与格劳孔等智者的主要分歧在于:苏格拉底认为人具有自身的善,教化主要是让人发现自身的善,以增强自身内在的道德自律;格劳孔则更强调人性的自私,强调法律等外在他律。就美德与教化的问题,中国古代哲人也进行了深思,特别是儒家对美德与教化进行了深入探讨:孔子基于"性相近,习相远"而重视道德教化,孟子主性善而强调反求诸己,荀子主性恶而重视礼法约束,王阳明的致良知则在孟子良知说基础上进一步强调道德教化与知行合一的关系。中西哲人有关美德与教化的讨论体现了人类对于普世道德的追问,同时也展现了中西道德哲学的不同旨趣。
[Abstract]:Socrates in ancient Greece put forward two important propositions: "virtue is knowledge" and "virtue can be taught". In Socrates' view, virtue is universal, objective, necessary knowledge, transcendental, not personal, subjective, empirical opinion, therefore, virtue is knowledge, is teachable relative to unteachable subjective opinion. The main difference between Socrates and the wise men such as Glaucon around the question of whether virtue can be taught lies in: Socrates thinks that man has his own goodness, and enlightenment is mainly to let people discover his own good in order to strengthen his own moral self-discipline; Glaucon emphasizes the selfishness of human nature and the external laws such as law. On the question of virtue and enlightenment, ancient Chinese philosophers also pondered deeply, especially the Confucianists deeply discussed virtue and enlightenment: Confucius attached importance to moral education on the basis of "similar nature, far from each other", Mencius was dominant in good nature and emphasized seeking for himself instead. Xunzi attached great importance to the restraint of etiquette and law while Wang Yangming emphasized the relationship between moral education and integration of knowledge and practice on the basis of Mencius' theory of conscience. The discussion of virtue and enlightenment by Chinese and Western philosophers reflects the human's questioning of universal morality, and at the same time, it shows the different purport of Chinese and Western moral philosophy.
【作者单位】：黑龙江大学哲学学院;
【分类号】：B82

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