秩序与方法——荀子对政治与道德之关系的理解

发布时间：2018-05-05 11:39

本文选题：荀子 + 孟子　；参考：《复旦学报(社会科学版)》2017年01期

【摘要】：学者在讨论孟、荀两人的理论差异时,大多集中在他们各自所持的人性论之差异上,但他们在重建社会政治秩序的主题上却目标相同,即如何在一个充满"争"与"乱"的世界中重建合理的社会政治秩序。若因其所"同"而观其所"异",则其所"异"的可能解释之一便表现在"如何建立秩序"的方法问题上。孟子主张以"仁心"之直推以求政治秩序之实现,荀子则坚持以客观化的"礼"为架构来重建政治秩序。孟子对建立政治秩序的思考完全基于个人自足的内在"仁心"。在就道德而言道德的角度上看,其思想无疑成就了道德的尊严和人格的伟大;但若必欲即此而言政治,却会因其对政治之特性缺乏可靠的认知基础而导致政治上的空想主义。荀子对重建政治秩序的致思则委诸于先王制作的"礼",礼的内涵虽然包容甚广,但与孟子的"仁心"不同,荀子言礼的首出的意义是政治学的而非伦理学的,是为了去乱止争以实现"出于治"、"合于道"的政治目的而形成的一套制度设计。即此而言,在面对重建政治秩序的时代主题时,若与孟子言仁心之兴发和推扩相比,荀子的此一主张无疑更具有客观和可实行、可"设施"的特性。然而,荀子的礼既是政治学的,又是伦理学的,其间各自在根源上的分际并不明确;同时,由于荀子心目中紧紧绞固于政治秩序的实现,道德则不免沦为维护政治的手段,乃至常常以政治的方式来处理道德问题,其结果则导致对专制政治的强化。学者谓荀子尊君、重势、倾向于独断,良非无故也。
[Abstract]:When scholars discuss the theoretical differences between Meng and Xun, most of them focus on the differences in their respective theories of human nature, but they have the same goal on the theme of rebuilding the social and political order. That is, how to rebuild a reasonable social and political order in a world full of contention and chaos. One of the possible explanations for the difference is the method of how to establish order. Mencius advocated the realization of political order by the direct push of benevolence, while Xunzi insisted on reconstructing the political order with the objective "propriety" as the framework. Mencius' thinking on the establishment of political order is based entirely on the inner "benevolence" of personal self-sufficiency. From the point of view of morality, its thought has undoubtedly achieved the dignity of morality and the greatness of personality, but if it wants to say politics, it will lead to political utopianism because of its lack of reliable cognitive basis for the characteristics of politics. Xunzi's thought on rebuilding political order was based on the "ceremony" produced by the previous king. Although the connotation of ritual was very broad, but different from Mencius's "benevolence", the first meaning of Xunzi's speech ceremony was political science rather than ethics. It is a system design for the political purpose of "out of governance" and "harmony with Tao". That is to say, in the face of the theme of re-establishing political order, Xunzi's proposition is undoubtedly more objective and practical than Mencius' rise and expansion of benevolence. However, Xunzi's propriety is not only political but also ethical, in which the distinction between the roots is not clear. At the same time, because Xunzi's mind is firmly entwined in the realization of political order, morality is inevitably reduced to a means to maintain politics. And often political ways of dealing with moral issues, resulting in the strengthening of autocratic politics. Scholars said that Xunzi respected the monarch, heavy power, tend to be arbitrary, good is not for no reason.
【作者单位】：复旦大学哲学学院;
【基金】：教育部社科基金项目“差等秩序与公道世界”(项目批准号:13JYA720011) 上海市社科基金项目“荀子的公正观及其当代意义研究”(项目批准号:2013BZX003)的阶段性成果
【分类号】：B82-051

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