《群书治要》民本思想研究

发布时间：2018-05-13 20:02

本文选题：《群书治要》 + 民本　；参考：《中共中央党校》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：本研究的主要对象是编纂于唐朝贞观五年的《群书治要》。《群书治要》节选了唐前经、史、子三大部类中的六十五种文献,核心内容是与治国理政相关的理论经验。《群书治要》不仅是直接促成“贞观之治”的资政参考书,在流传至日本后,也同样带来了治世局面。可以说,《群书治要》是唐前治国理政智慧精华的总结,也是挖掘中国传统政治智慧的经典文献。但所憾目前针对《群书治要》的研究并不丰富。本研究以作为中国政治特色的“民本思想”为切入,梳理《群书治要》中政治、经济、文化等方面有关“民本”的具体表述,挖掘古代治国理政思想的当代价值,以此作为今日民族及文化复兴之参考。本研究主要采用文献研究和跨学科研究方法。在研究思路方面,参考了本土学术话语体系的叙述方式,在论文框架设计上借鉴了佛家天台宗阐释经典所使用的“五重玄义”,从释名、辩体、明宗、论用几个方面展开。论文以“一体”(天人合一)的理念贯穿始终,以此作为民本思想的哲学依据、理论源头,可作本文之“体性”。论文又以传统哲学思想中的“阴阳之道”、“中庸之道”为依据展开,以确立民本思想的实践原则,是为本文之“宗脉”。“阴阳”与“中庸”的具体“应用”,则表现于“德治”,即政治上的“德位相成”,经济上的“德本财末”,文教上的“德主刑辅”。因为“民本”是一种施政理念,而不是具体的施政方法,唯有通过“德治”,才能实现“民本”。故“德治”可以作为“民本”的代名词。通过运用此分析框架,不仅使民本思想的哲学推衍脉络清晰可见,同时也反映了中国学术“一以贯之”、中国文化“一体万用”的特点。以中国话语解读中国经典,才能贴近经典的本意。通过对《群书治要》的梳理,可知民本思想在政治上主要体现在“德位相成”,即为政者的爱民之“德”与为政者所居之“位”应相匹配。民本政治具体表现在以下方面:君民、官民是一体共荣的关系,天下无私属而为人民共有。施政宗旨是为民谋利、以民为本,施政方法是权力集中、以君为主。但君主非专制,而是以君为主的共治。王道中对内圣外王、文德武功的追求,皆是立足于爱民,革命的本质是顺天应人、为民谋福。国家因爱民而设官,选拔官员以爱民之德、利民之能为主要标准,因此官员阶层并非固化,而是开放流动的。为了实现德治,国家会通过治吏提高行政力,故古代虽云“忠君”,其实质却是“忠于民”。在经济方面,民本思想主要体现在“德本财末”的理念上。即发展经济的目的是团结民众、惠利民众,经济与政治的互动规律为“财散人聚,财聚人散”。由“德本财末”,而产生了轻徭薄赋的使民思想和问疾救苦的养民思想。在生产方面,中国古人通过发展农业富民足民,安定社会。在消费方面,则重视节欲戒奢,以达到社会的可持续发展。在分配方面,古人以重义轻利为原则,认知到国财与民财一体共生,国家不可侵夺民财,要缩减贫富差距,促进社会公平。在文化教育方面,民本思想则体现在“德主刑辅”的教化方式上。确信人性本善是教化民众的起始点,也是尊重民众的根本体现。教化民众以伦理道德为先,唯有重德才能使社会和谐而人民安乐。教化应遵循自上而下的顺序,以在位者的修身为根本。礼乐教化是古代教化的主要形式和载体,通过内外兼修的方式化民成俗。刑罚是辅助教化、止绝恶行的必要手段,刑罚的目的不在惩罚而在威慑生耻,故用刑当以仁心公正而不可以暴虐偏私。刑罚之用应随顺天时,不可过节。法治是治民良方,但应注重简易而不繁苛。就德治与刑治的关系而言,德治为法治之本,这是由人性本善的特质决定的。通过政治、经济、文化三个方面的研究,可以发现唐前关于“民本思想”的理论学说和实践经验都已经非常成熟。而对比古今政治可以发现,这些智慧已经在当代中国的各个领域得到具体应用,并成为了中国的特色和优势。古今政治智慧的历史传承,充分说明了中国道路的深厚历史渊源和宏大历史背景。通过对《群书治要》的研究,我们可以获得沟通古今的素材,获得继往开来的智慧,找到树立道路自信、理论自信、制度自信的历史文化依据。
[Abstract]:The main object of this study is to compile the five years of the Tang Dynasty's chastity view, "the rule of the group book", "the rule of the group book", the sixty-five kinds of literature in the three major categories of the Tang Dynasty, the history and the sons, the core content of which is the theoretical experience related to the governance of the state. It is also a summary of the essence of the wisdom and political wisdom of ruling the country before the Tang Dynasty. It is also a classic literature to excavate the traditional political wisdom of China. However, the study is not rich at present. The concrete expression of "people based" in the aspects of governance, economy and culture is used to excavate the contemporary value of the thought of the ancient rule and administration of the country as a reference for the rejuvenation of the nation and culture today. This study mainly uses literature research and interdisciplinary research methods. The design uses the "five heavy meaning" which is used in the interpretation of classics by Buddhism and Tiantai Sect, from several aspects: the interpretation of the name, the plea body, the Ming Zong and the theory. The thesis takes the concept of "one in one" as the philosophical basis of the thought of the people, the source of the theory and the "body nature" of this article. "The Dao of yin and Yang" and "the doctrine of the mean" are based on the practice principle of establishing the thought of the people. The concrete "application" of the "Yin and Yang" and "the doctrine of the mean" is the concrete application of the "Yin and Yang" and "the doctrine of the mean", which is manifested in the "rule of virtue", that is, the political "virtue and property", the economic "virtue and the finance", and the "virtue and the punishment auxiliary" in the culture and education. "Min Ben" is a kind of administrative concept, not a concrete method of governance. Only through the "rule of virtue" can we realize the "people". Therefore, the "rule of virtue" can be used as the pronoun of "people based". The Chinese culture is "one of the most used". In order to read Chinese classics in Chinese discourse, we can close to the original meaning of the classics. Through the combing of "the rule of the group", we can see that the thought of the people is mainly embodied in the "virtue and position" in politics, that is, the "Virtue" of the political people should match the "position" for the political people. The following aspects: the king and the people, the official and the people are the unity and common prosperity of the people. The purpose of the administration is to make profit for the people and take the people as the base. The method of governance is the centralization of power and the Lord. But the monarchy is the Lord of the emperor. The pursuit of the king in the king is based on the nature of the people and the revolution. In order to realize the rule of virtue, the state will improve the administrative power through the administration of officials, so in ancient times, although the cloud "loyal Jun" is actually "loyal to the people". In the economy, the people are in the economy and the people. This idea is mainly embodied in the concept of "the end of the capital and the finance". That is, the purpose of developing the economy is to unite the people, the people of Huili, and the law of the interaction between the economy and politics. In terms of consumption, the ancients, in terms of distribution, recognize that the national wealth and the people's wealth are in one symbiosis, the state can not invad the people's wealth, reduce the gap between the rich and the rich, and promote the social fairness. In culture and education, the thought of the people is the principle of the people. It is embodied in the teaching mode of "moral punishment auxiliary". It is sure that the nature of human nature is the starting point of teaching people and the fundamental embodiment of respecting the people. It is the first of the people to educate the people to make the society harmonious and the people happy. The teaching should follow the order of the top-down, the reign of the reign is the fundamental. The etiquette and music teaching is the ancient time. The main form and carrier of education is popular in the way of both internal and external repair. Punishment is the necessary means to assist the teaching and stop the evil. The purpose of the penalty is not to be punished but to deter the disgrace. Therefore, punishment should not be tyrannical and impartial. The punishment should not be abused. The rule of law is a good recipe for the people, but should pay attention to Jane. In terms of the relationship between the rule of virtue and the rule of punishment, the rule of virtue is the basis of the rule of law, which is determined by the nature of the nature of human nature. Through the study of three aspects of the political, economic and cultural aspects, it can be found that the theory and practical experience of "the thought of the people" are unusually mature before the Tang Dynasty. Hui has been applied in various fields of contemporary China and has become the characteristic and advantage of China. The historical heritage of the ancient and modern political wisdom fully illustrates the profound historical origin and the grand historical background of the Chinese road. Through the study of the treatment of the books, we can get the material of communication between the ancient and modern, and get the wisdom of the past and the future. We should find a historical and cultural basis for building self-confidence, theoretical confidence and institutional confidence.

【学位授予单位】：中共中央党校
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：B82-092

【参考文献】