信用证欺诈及其法律救济

发布时间：2018-03-13 22:27

本文选题：信用证欺诈　切入点：独立抽象原则　出处：《中国政法大学》2003年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】： 信用证以银行信用代替商业信用大大减少了国际贸易货款结算中的风险，，是国际贸易中使用最广泛的结算方式，也是最重要的一种资金融通方式，被誉为国际贸易的“生命血液”。自从中国银行1987年7月1日起在所有开出的信用证中加上“本信用证按照国际商会第400号跟单信用证统一惯例的条款开立”的字样，表明中国银行界正式把UCP当作国际惯例加以接受之后，中国大陆这片净土也开始遭到信用证欺诈无情的进犯。近年来信用证欺诈案件涉及的数额越来越大，超过1亿元人民币的案件也不在少数。这一现象日益引起人们的极大关注，它已经给正常的贸易秩序和银行结算秩序造成了严重危害。特别是随着我国加入世贸组织，国内与国际市场实现充分接轨，对信用证欺诈及其法律救济问题的研究和探讨有着很紧迫的现实意义。本文试从信用证欺诈产生的温床——信用证制度的独立抽象原则，和欺诈的救济手段——信用证制度的欺诈例外原则入手，论证对信用证欺诈进行法律救济过程中，英美法国家先进的实践经验，和我国存在的主要问题以及解决方案。引言部分：主要介绍信用证的含义，其独立抽象性作为信用证制度的基石，在使信用证制度优越于其他类似制度的同时，也已经成为信用证欺诈行骗的温床。第一部分：论述信用证欺诈的定义和成因。参照欺诈在普通法判例中概念的界定，和英美成文法和判例法中有关于信用证欺诈的界定，本文试总结出信用证欺诈的定义。信用证的欺诈，是指信用证交易的当事人，在信用证本身，或信用证交易中的某个环节中，故意曲解事实真相，包括故意告知他方虚假事实或者故意隐瞒应披露的事实，从而使他方遭受财产损失或者使其有受到财产损失的实际威胁，并意在使自己从中获取不法利益的行为。诚然，表面上看来，信用证欺诈行为的低成本，低风险，和高利润使得此种欺诈行为无本万利，是一项成功率极高的生意。但究其根本，信用证制度的独立原则，独立原则所蕴涵的抽象原则，独立抽象原则合二为一进而派生出的表面一致原则和严格相符原则是信用证欺诈产生的根源，因为这些原则无一不为欺诈者得手之后全身而 WP=4 退提供了掩护。那么抛弃独立抽象原则的做法是否可行？无论对信用证关系的哪方当事人来讲抛弃这一原则都是弊大于利而根本不敢想象的事情，因为正如无因性原则之对于票据一样，独立抽象原则具有其存在的必要性，它是整个信用证制度的基石，信用证制度与其是鱼水关系密不可分。（独立原则→抽象原则→表面一致原则严格相符原则→信用证欺诈）第二部分：论述信用证欺诈的判定标准和类型研究。首先，确定信用证欺诈的判定标准，是判断一个行为是否构成信用证欺诈，能否适用欺诈例外原则的前提，一般只有实质性欺诈法院才可给予禁令。综观世界各国的做法，英美等国的法官通过判例显示出他们对衡量是否构成欺诈采用严格标准，强调欺诈事实的客观存在，强调从维护信用证的正常运行，维护银行国际声誉的高度来审慎地对待欺诈问题。在此本文暂且提出衡量受益人行为是否构成信用证欺诈以至可以启动欺诈例外原则的三个初步标准，即欺诈行为是否客观存在；欺诈故意是否存在；欺诈行为是否造成损失和损失的大小。在作出此初步抽象分析之后，第三部分中将对适用欺诈例外原则的标准做更加深入具体的探讨。其次，本文根据欺诈受害者的不同，将欺诈大体上分为三大类：受益人可能遇到的欺诈；银行可能遇到的欺诈；以及开证申请人可能遇到的受益人欺诈三大类型来研究。其中受益人可能遇到的欺诈本文总结有：申请人或开征行利用假冒信用证进行欺诈；信用不良的银行开立真实但无偿付能力的信用证对受益人进行的欺诈；开证申请人利用信用证软条款骗取货物或预付金、定金、开证手续费。文本继而在此讨论了在通知行未尽合理注意义务导致受益人遇欺诈情况下，通知行的责任承担问题。如果通知行在主观上有过错；其未尽合理注意义务的行为与受益人接受该信用证有因果关系，并且受益人因此而受到损失的情况下，则通知行应该承担相应的责任。银行可能遇到的欺诈本文总结有：受益人对开证行或保兑行的欺诈；开证申请人与受益人对银行的合谋欺诈；开证申请人对开证行的欺诈。开证申请人可能遇到的受益人欺诈本文总结有：伪造单据；涂改单据（预借提单、倒签提单、凭保函换取清洁提单）；用无提单的方式进行欺诈。在预借提单和倒签提单情况下，本文认定承运人的行为构成欺诈性侵权行为，而托 WP=5 运人的行为构成违约行为和欺诈性侵权行为的竞合。另外，针对凭保函换取清洁提单和用无提单方式提货的行为要具体分析，若出于善意则不构成欺诈。第三部分：从借鉴英美成文法和判例法中关于信用证欺诈的先进理论和实践经验出发，论述信用证欺诈例外原则及其司法救济。本文认为信用证欺诈例外原则的适用有其深厚的理论依据，在法理上其适用来源于各国的公共秩序保留原则、国际商事法律普遍遵循的诚实信用原则和欺诈使一切归于无效的原则。例外原则经由美国里程碑判例Szetjn案和美国统一商法典第五编信用证篇所确立和肯认，并通过著名判例United City Merchants一案在英国得到普遍接受和认可。综
[Abstract]:The letter of credit instead of commercial credit by bank credit has greatly reduced the risk of settlement in international trade settlement. It is the most widely used way of settlement in international trade, and is also the most important way of financing. It is known as the "blood of life" in international trade.
Since July 1, 1987 in all Chinese bank letter of credit with the credit according to the ICC uniform customs and practices for documentary credit No. 400th terms ", after that Chinese banks officially UCP as international convention to accept Chinese, this piece of land has also been ruthlessly invaded. The letter of credit fraud in recent years, letter of credit fraud involving an increasingly large amount of more than 100 million yuan, the case is not in the minority. This phenomenon has aroused people's attention, it has caused serious harm to the normal trade order and bank settlement order. Especially with China's accession to the WTO, the domestic and international markets to achieve full the letter of credit standards, to study and explore the problems of fraud and its legal remedy has realistic meaning very urgent. This article from the hotbed of fraud of letter of credit - the credit system of independent abstract principle of fraud and remedies -- system of letter of credit fraud exception principle, proof of credit fraud, legal relief process, advanced experience of common law countries, and the main problems existing in our country and the solutions.
The introduction part mainly introduces the meaning of the letter of credit, its independent abstraction as the cornerstone of the letter of credit system, making the letter of credit system superior to other similar systems, and has also become the hotbed of the letter of credit fraud and deception.
The first part discusses the definition and causes of credit fraud fraud. According to definition in common law cases, and the Anglo American statute law and case law on the letter of credit fraud is defined, this paper tries to summarize the definition of credit fraud. The letter of credit fraud, credit refers to the parties in credit the letter of credit itself, a link or the credit in the transaction, intentionally distorted the truth, including other deliberately told false facts or intentionally concealing facts should be disclosed, so that the other party suffered loss of property or the actual threat by property loss, and to make their own benefit from access to illegal behavior. Indeed, on the surface, low cost, low risk of credit fraud, the fraud and high profits make profits, is a very high success rate of the business. But after all, the credit system of the independent In principle, the abstract principles of the principle of independence and the principle of independent and abstract principles are combined into one, and the principle of surface consistency and strict compliance are the root causes of the fraud of letter of credit, because all of these principles are all successful for fraudsters.
WP=4
Provide back cover. Then abandoned the principle of independence of the practice feasible? Is more harm than good and did not dare to imagine things which party regardless of the credit relationship in terms of the abandonment of the principle as WuYinXing principle for the bill, the principle of independence is the necessity of its existence, it is the foundation of credit system, credit system and its relation is inseparable.
(independent principle, abstract principle, strict conformity principle of the principle of surface agreement and credit fraud)
The second part: discuss the criterion and type of the letter of credit fraud.
First, determine the standards of credit fraud, is to determine whether an act constitutes fraud of letter of credit, the premise can apply the principle of fraud exception, only substantial fraud can give the court injunction. In many countries, Britain and other countries to show their judges through cases of fraud by strict measure standard, the objective existence of fraud emphasizes the fact, emphasize from the normal operation and maintenance of credit, the bank to maintain international reputation to careful fraud. This paper put forward a preliminary measure for the three beneficiary acts constitute fraud of letter of credit that can start the fraud exception principle, namely whether fraud exists; the intention of fraud the existence of fraud; whether the loss and the size of the loss. After making the preliminary abstract analysis, the third part of. Use the standard of fraud exception principle to do more in-depth and concrete discussion.
Secondly, according to the difference of fraud victims, fraud is generally divided into three categories: fraud that a beneficiary may encounter, fraud that banks may encounter, and three types of fraudulent fraudulence that the applicant may encounter.
The beneficiary may encounter fraud in this paper are: the applicant or the issuing bank for the use of fake letters of credit fraud; bad credit bank to the beneficiary for real but insolvent credit fraud; the applicant by the soft clause in letter of credit cheat goods or deposit and deposit, the issuing fee on the text. Discussed in the advising bank fails to exercise reasonable care obligations to the beneficiary in the fraud case, assume the responsibility of advising bank. If the advising bank is on the subjective fault; not entirely the duty of reasonable care behavior and benefit people to accept the letter of credit has a causal relationship, and the beneficiaries suffer losses under the condition that the notice should bear the corresponding responsibility.
The fraud that banks may encounter is summarized as follows: the fraud of the beneficiary on the issuing bank or confirming bank; the fraud of the applicant and the beneficiary against the bank; the fraud of the applicant on the issuing bank.
The applicant may encounter fraud in this paper are: forged documents; altered documents (bill of lading, Daoqiantidan, by letter of indemnity for a clean bill of lading); fraud by the bill of lading. Bill of lading in pre and Daoqiantidan, this paper finds the carrier's behavior constituted fraud violations, and support
WP=5
The act of transporting people constitutes a concurrence of breach of contract and fraudulent infringement. In addition, we should specifically analyze the act of exchanging a clean bill of lading with a guarantee, and taking delivery without bill of lading, if it is good faith, it will not constitute fraud.
The third part: from Reference English statute law and case law on the advanced theory and practical experience of credit card fraud, discusses the principle of fraud exception and its judicial relief. This paper argues that the application of the principle of fraud exception has its profound theoretical basis, its application in the legal sources from the principle of reservation of public order. International commercial law generally follow the principle of honesty and credit and fraud makes everything invalid. The principle of exception by the case Szetjn case and milepost UCC article fifth for credit establishment and recognition, and through the famous case of United Merchants case City in the UK are generally accepted and recognized fully.

【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2003
【分类号】：D917

【引证文献】