劳动教养制度的权力分析

发布时间：2018-04-05 23:00

本文选题：劳动教养　切入点：制度　出处：《西南政法大学》2004年硕士论文

【摘要】：维持政府与公民间的和谐关系是社会稳定的前提，而政府与公民间关系是否良好取决于国家权力是否合理适度而又有效的运转。国家权力虽本源于公民权利，然国家权力一经形成，就立即自命不凡，摆出一副神秘和神圣的面孔，似乎超然权利之上，为所欲为。由于权力本身的扩张性与腐蚀性，使得本为保障公民权利而设的国家权力很容易异化成为公民权利的最大侵害者，因而限制、监控国家权力，使国家权力在法治框架内有效运行，乃任何法治国家之所必为。劳动教养制度目前问题重重，受批判的焦点正集中于其国家权力的运行缺乏起码的监督与制约，是对人权的一种制度性侵犯。由此，劳动教养制度创新的目标清晰地浮出水面，那就是要限制国家权力，在权利的充分实现与权力的高效运行间求得平衡! 劳动教养制度的根本问题在于它本身制度设计的不合理，它完全是出于满足某种政治需要而设计的制度，，其制度定向就在于政治工具。这样的工具性制度，其价值取向必然在于秩序而忽略人权，也必然会在实践运作中严重侵犯人权。具体而言，劳动教养制度的工具性质决定了它必然存在以下四大问题： (一)对国家权力的行使缺乏有效监督与制约，导致国家权力的扩张与滥用成为必然； (二)国家权力的运行基本不受程序约束； (三)惩罚权力适用失度，惩罚极不自然，惩罚效果不佳； (四)国家权力的分布结构极不合理，权力过度集中于行政机关，而立法权被严重下放，司法权未得到应有体现。劳动教养制度本身就极其不合理，与时代的发展格格不入，也是西方国家攻击我国人权的重点，将其废除刻不容缓!然而，劳动教养制度并不能一废了之，其合理维护社会治安秩序的功能仍有其继续存在的合理性，该合理性体体现在两方面：一方面，在我们国家遏制违法犯罪的制裁体系中，劳动教养是不可缺少的一环；另一方面，由于取消犯罪定量因素弊大于利，劳动教养制度的存在可弥补我国刑法的结构性缺损。劳动教养制度合理维护社会治安秩序的功能需要有新制度加以继承发挥。不管未来的新制度采取哪种形式，名称是什么，以下这些底线是不可突破的。 1、价值取向:“以人为本”。新制度必须建立在法治化宪政化的基础上，把公民权利与个人自由价值放在第一位。 2、制度设计的理论基点:权力本恶，国家与个人的关系是对立的。对国家权力的行使者一一政府，在制度设计时，必须将其假设为“恶者”，这样才能在维护社会安全的前提下想方设法地从制度上约束、监督、防范它，使其在法治框架内行使权力，使处于弱势的公民免于恐惧，得到制度性的保护。 3、权力运作:在法治框架内。法治有三大要求:一是以全体公民的意志为法律条设，二是重在保障个人的权利、自由，三是必须重点设防政治权威的权力。根据此三大要求，劳动教养的制度创新必须完成以下三大任务: (1)由政策上升为法律此“法律”必须是法治意义上的‘祛律”、而非工具意义上的‘祛律”。 (2)国家权力的合理配置。司法化是劳动教养制度不可突破的底线，是劳动教养立法创新必须坚守的起码目标。 (3)程序立法正当的程序是一项制度在目的合理的基础上，切实地具有正当胜的要求和保障，只有手段和方式的正当，才能证明和保证目的正当性的实现，制度的合理性才是真实的、有意义的。劳动教养立法必须设计严密的程序制度和程序规则，以确保限制权力和保护权利。这是法治国家的起码要求。
[Abstract]:Maintaining a harmonious relationship between government and citizen is the premise of social stability, and the relationship between government and citizen is good or not depends on whether the state power reasonable and effective operation. Although the state power source in the civil rights and state power is formed, as soon as his fan, put a pair of mysterious and holy face on the right, it seems aloof, do whatever they want. Because the expansion and corrosion of the power itself, the protection of civil rights and the state power can easily become the biggest alienation of civil rights offenders, which limits, monitoring and control of state power, the effective operation of state power in the framework of the rule of law is that any country under the rule of law will the reeducation through labor system. Many problems, lack of criticism is the focus of the power supervision and restriction of at least, is a system of the violation of human rights. The goal of reeducation through labor system is clearly emerging. That is to limit state power and balance between the full realization of rights and efficient operation of power.
The fundamental problem of the system of reeducation through labor is itself the unreasonable design of the system, it is to meet the political needs and the design of the system, its direction is the political tool. The tool system, its value orientation is the inevitable order while ignoring human rights, there must be a serious violation of human rights in practice. The tool, the nature of reeducation through labor system decides that it must have the following four major issues:
(1) the lack of effective supervision and restriction on the exercise of state power leads to the necessity of the expansion and abuse of state power.
(two) the operation of state power is not subject to procedural constraints;
(three) the punishment of the power to apply the loss of the penalty, the punishment is very unnatural, the effect of punishment is not good;
(four) the distribution structure of state power is extremely unreasonable, the power is overly concentrated in the administrative organs, and the legislative power is seriously decentralized, and the judicial power is not reflected.
The system of reeducation through labor itself is extremely unreasonable, misfits and the development of the times, is also the focus of the western countries to attack our country's human rights, so it should be abolished! However, the system of reeducation through labor is not a waste, the reasonable maintenance of social order function still has its continued existence rationality, the rationality reflected in two aspects: on the one hand, in the system of our country to curb the illegal criminal sanctions, reeducation through labor is indispensable; on the other hand, due to the cancellation of quantitative factors of crime more harm than good, structural defect of the system of reeducation through labor can make up the criminal law of our country.
The function of reeducation through labor system to maintain social order and security needs to be inherited by the new system. No matter what form the new system will adopt in the future, what is the bottom line?
1, the value orientation: "people-oriented".
The new system must be established on the basis of constitutionalization of the rule of law, and the civil rights and individual freedoms must be taken.
Value is in the first place.
2, the theoretical basis of the system design: the power is evil, the relationship between the state and the individual is opposite.
The government, the envoy of the state power, must assume that the system is "evil" when it is designed.
In this way, we can try to restrict and supervise the system on the premise of maintaining social security.
To prevent it from exercising power within the framework of the rule of law so that the vulnerable citizens are exempt from fear.
Institutional protection.
3, the operation of power: within the framework of the rule of law.
There are three requirements for the rule of law: first, the will of all citizens is established as the law, and the two is to be guaranteed.
Individual rights, freedom, and three are the right to focus on political authority. According to these three requirements,
The system innovation of reeducation through labor must complete the following three tasks:
(1) rise from the policy to the law
This "law" must be the "dispel law" in the sense of the rule of law, not the "law of dispelling" in the meaning of the tool.
(2) the rational allocation of state power.
Judicature is the bottom line of the system of reeducation through labor, and the innovation of the legislation of reeducation through labor must be hard
Keep the minimum target.
(3) procedural legislation
A proper procedure is an effective system on the basis of a reasonable purpose.
Only by means of means and means can we prove and guarantee the realization of the legitimacy of the purpose.
The rationality of the system is true and meaningful. The legislation of reeducation through labor must be designed closely.
Rules of system and procedure to ensure the restriction of power and the protection of rights. This is the minimum requirement of a country under the rule of law.

【学位授予单位】：西南政法大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2004
【分类号】：D926.8

【相似文献】