试论对犯罪的情境预防——犯罪控制的第三条道路

发布时间：2018-04-25 02:00

本文选题：情境预防 + 常规性行为理论　；参考：《北京大学》2005年硕士论文

【摘要】：犯罪是和平时期对人类社会存续发展的最大威胁,控制犯罪是一个国家不可推卸的责任,同时也是许多学者研究的焦点,自近代犯罪学的诞生到二十世纪的六七十年代,有许多犯罪学家提出了自己的犯罪控制理论。但这些理论不外乎两个模式:传统模式和激进模式,前者关注对人的控制或改造,后者则强调对社会进行改良或革命,但是这两种模式都没有能够遏制犯罪的高涨。这时一些在实务部门工作的学者经过对犯罪控制实践得失的总结,探索出了一条新的犯罪控制之路——情境预防,即通过对犯罪可能发生于其中的具体情境进行改造,以增加犯罪难度和风险,减少犯罪收益的途径减少犯罪机会,从而预防犯罪的发生。经过最近三十多年的探索和积累,情境预防已经发展成为一个成熟的理论体系,这表现在拥有一个科学的理论背景,一套经过实践检验的技术措施,一种科学的研究方法以及可靠的评估手段,也为犯罪控制提供了一条新的道路。目前处于转型时期的中国正面临着犯罪日趋增加的困扰,彻底和系统的研究情境预防,为更加功利主义的控制犯罪有着不可低估的意义和影响,这也是本文所要追求的目标。本文的结构大体如下:首先将情境预防纳入到犯罪控制理论模式的历史演变中去,从而突现了其与以往犯罪控制模式的差异;紧接着探讨了情境预防的本体性问题,即其理论框架、技术手段、研究方法以及绩效评估,本文对这些问题进行了系统地梳理,尽管看上去或许有些繁琐;再次介绍了情境预防所面临的挑战以及其对挑战的回应,这一部分所探讨的问题事关情境预防的安身立命,但常常被国内的不少学者所忽略,本文试图弥补这种遗憾,对情境预防所面临最致命的挑战进行了讨论。接下来作者也指出了情境预防目前所面临的问题和困难,以及其出现对刑事政策的影响,试图让人们对这种新的犯罪控制模式有一个全方位的了解;最后作者联系中国的实际情况,探讨了情境预防在中国的理论发展状况和实践应用状况,以期望以一种世界性的眼光来研究中国的问题。
[Abstract]:Crime is the greatest threat to the development of human society in peacetime. The control of crime is a country's unshirkable responsibility. At the same time, it is also the focus of many scholars' research. From the birth of modern criminology to the 1960s and 1970s of the 20th century, Many criminologists have put forward their own theory of crime control. But these theories are no more than two models: the traditional model and the radical model, the former focusing on the control or transformation of human beings, the latter emphasizing the improvement or revolution of the society, but neither of these two models has been able to contain the upsurge of crime. At this time, some scholars who work in practical departments have summed up the gains and losses of the practice of crime control, and have explored a new road of crime control-situational prevention, that is, by reforming the specific situations in which crime may occur. In order to increase the difficulty and risk of crime, reduce the proceeds of crime to reduce the opportunity of crime, so as to prevent the occurrence of crime. After more than 30 years of exploration and accumulation, situational prevention has developed into a mature theoretical system, which is manifested in the possession of a scientific theoretical background and a set of technical measures that have been tested in practice. A scientific research method and reliable evaluation method also provide a new way for crime control. At present, China is faced with the problem of increasing crime in the period of transition. The thorough and systematic research on situational prevention is of great significance and influence for more utilitarian crime control, which is also the goal of this paper. The structure of this paper is as follows: firstly, the situational prevention is brought into the historical evolution of the crime control theory model, thus the difference between the situational prevention model and the previous crime control mode is highlighted, and then the Noumenon of situational prevention is discussed. That is, its theoretical framework, technical means, research methods and performance evaluation. This paper systematically combs these problems, though it may seem a bit cumbersome, and introduces the challenge of situational prevention and its response to the challenge. This part is concerned with the problem of situational prevention, but it is often ignored by many domestic scholars. This paper tries to make up for this regret and discusses the most fatal challenge to situational prevention. Then the author also points out the problems and difficulties of situational prevention and its influence on criminal policy, trying to make people have a comprehensive understanding of this new crime control model; Finally, the author discusses the development of situational prevention theory and its application in China in the light of the actual situation in China, and hopes to study the problems in China from a worldwide perspective.
【学位授予单位】：北京大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2005
【分类号】：D917.6

【引证文献】