个体被害预防在治安中的理论与实践初探

发布时间：2018-05-18 09:17

本文选题：被害预防 + 个体　；参考：《兰州大学》2007年硕士论文

【摘要】： 传统的犯罪预防大都以犯罪人为核心展开，力图以惩罚犯罪人进而改造犯罪人或减少犯罪行为以期达到预防犯罪的目的。而新一轮犯罪高峰的出现及居高不下的重犯率表明预防的效果并不理想。现代犯罪被害人学研究表明，要真正实现减少社会的犯罪，仅仅从犯罪人和潜在犯罪人这一角度考虑是不够的。因为犯罪人和被害人之间不是一种简单的侵害与被侵害、主动与被动的静态关系，而是一种动态的、互相影响、彼此作用的互动关系。被害人自身方面存在的某些容易招致犯罪侵害的因素对于犯罪的发生具有极为重要的影响，消除或减少这些因素能够更有效地减少犯罪。本文通过对被害人的受害性、过错责任等的分析，结合当前治安实践中大部分社会成员对个体被害预防问题上表现出的知识的匮乏和认识的混乱以及部分公共管理部门对私权利保护的无奈与缺位等现状提出，既然每个社会成员都是“潜在的被害人”，而预防犯罪的责任完全由国家和专业力量完全承担不现实，而且从实际情况看，改变被害人或潜在被害人的行为习惯和一些不良生活方式，比改变犯罪人或潜在犯罪人的行为要容易得多。因此，打破传统犯罪预防模式的一统天下，把个体被害预防纳入犯罪对策体系中，犯罪预防的重心逐渐从预防犯罪转向预防被害就显得非常有必要。当前我们可从个体被害人入手，通过被害预防教育，塑造和强化个体被害预防意识，加强对个体预防知识的传授和防护技能的培养，让个体学会在被害预防中的自救与情景周旋，结合相关部门应对治安相关信息通报和公开和个体被害防护器械和安全设备推广、应用以及对被害人过错责任分析，建立被害人补偿制度和被害人法律援助制度等措施实现个体被害预防。总之，犯罪与被害是相互的，单纯力图通过改变犯罪人以期达到预防犯罪或单纯以强调被害预防以减少犯罪都是片面的，如果仅仅强调其中的某一方面而忽视另一方面，其犯罪预防的效果都是极为有限的。所以我们应从预防犯罪和预防被害两方面入手，同时加大力度，针对我国当前治安现状中存在的问题，在大力倡导被害预防尤其是在个体被害预防的同时，，加强情景预防，以社会预防为目标，司法预防为犯罪预防的最后一道防线，构建犯罪预防的有机体系，全面做好犯罪预防工作。
[Abstract]:The traditional crime prevention takes the criminal as the core, trying to punish the criminal and then to reform the criminal or reduce the criminal behavior in order to achieve the purpose of crime prevention. The emergence of a new round of crime peak and the high rate of recidivism indicate that the effect of prevention is not satisfactory. Modern crime victim studies show that it is not enough to consider only the criminal and the potential criminal in order to reduce the crime in society. This is because the relationship between the criminal and the victim is not a kind of simple infringing and infringing, active and passive static relationship, but a dynamic, interactive and interactive relationship. Some factors which are easy to cause crime on the victim's own side have an extremely important influence on the occurrence of the crime. Eliminating or reducing these factors can reduce the crime more effectively. In this paper, the victim's victimization, fault liability and so on are analyzed. Combined with the lack of knowledge and confusion of understanding of most social members in the current public security practice, and the helplessness and lack of protection of private rights of some public administration departments, Since every member of society is a "potential victim" and the responsibility for crime prevention lies entirely with the State and professional forces, and in the light of the actual situation, It is much easier to change the behavior of the victim or potential victim and some bad lifestyle than to change the behavior of the offender or potential offender. Therefore, it is necessary to break the traditional mode of crime prevention and bring the prevention of individual victimization into the system of crime countermeasures. The focus of crime prevention is gradually shifting from crime prevention to prevention of victimization. At present, we can start with individual victims, through victim prevention education, mold and strengthen the awareness of individual victim prevention, and strengthen the imparting of individual prevention knowledge and the cultivation of protection skills. Let individuals learn how to save themselves and deal with situations in the prevention of victimization, and combine the relevant departments with the publicity and publicity of public information and the promotion, application and analysis of the fault liability of victims, as well as the promotion, application and application of public and individual victimized protective devices and safety equipment. Measures such as victim compensation system and victim legal aid system should be established to prevent individual victimization. In short, crime and victimization are mutually reinforcing, and it is one-sided to try to reduce crime simply by changing the perpetrator with a view to achieving crime prevention or simply by emphasizing the prevention of victimization, if only one aspect of the crime is emphasized and the other is ignored, Its crime prevention effect is extremely limited. Therefore, we should start from the two aspects of crime prevention and victimization prevention. At the same time, we should increase our efforts to strengthen situational prevention in view of the problems existing in the current security situation in our country, and vigorously advocate the prevention of victimization, especially in the case of individual victims, at the same time. Taking social prevention as the goal, judicial prevention is the last line of defense of crime prevention, the organic system of crime prevention is constructed, and crime prevention work is done well.
【学位授予单位】：兰州大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2007
【分类号】：D917.6;D631.4

【引证文献】