鉴定结论适用中的问题与对策研究

发布时间：2018-05-25 15:42

本文选题：鉴定结论 + 适用　；参考：《中国政法大学》2008年博士论文

【摘要】： 有关鉴定结论证据的研究和应用是近年来理论界和实务部门日益关注的一个重要问题。本文本着提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的思路,从我国鉴定结论证据适用的现状出发,借鉴国外的经验,对鉴定结论证据的本质特征、证据能力、证明力、鉴定结论适用程序等基础性问题以及鉴定结论科学性的审查认定等理论、立法和实践中存在的问题进行了系统的分析探讨。全文由导论、正文九章及结论三部分组成,约30万字。在导论中,本文首先交代了研究背景、研究意义和研究方法。鉴定结论作为科学证据在诉讼活动中发挥着越来越重要的作用,然而在这一背景下鉴定结论适用的证据规则在立法上却出现了空白,司法实践中成为新的“证据之王”为司法人员盲目采信。因而,鉴定结论适用的问题与对策研究具有为立法谏言、司法指导和丰富理论研究之意义。第一章:“司法鉴定解读”。本章在系统地考察和梳理有关司法鉴定的称谓和含义各种观点的基础上,对司法鉴定的称谓和概念进行了重构。指出从鉴定在不同的法律活动中,由于其受限于该种法律的约束而在法律制度规范上出现不同,将“鉴定”运用于诉讼活动中,鉴定就具有了“司法”的性质而成为司法鉴定。司法鉴定受到诉讼规则的严格制约和诉讼效率价值的掣肘而具有了诉讼品格。司法的目的和科学手段的结合成为司法鉴定的本质特征。第二章:“鉴定结论适用简析”。本章在对鉴定结论适用作广义界定的基础上,首先明确了鉴定结论的涵义、特性、功能等要素性问题,并从比较的视角考察了鉴定结论适用的历史轨迹,这是研究鉴定结论适用的基石。在此基础上分析了鉴定结论客观性、关联性和合法性的静态证据属性,以及鉴定结论适用的动态过程,明确鉴定结论适用包括鉴定资料的收集、鉴定结论的生成、鉴定结论的审查评断三大阶段。第三章:“鉴定结论之证据能力与证明力”。鉴定结论的证据能力和证明力是鉴定结论适用的核心问题。本章在明确鉴定结论之证据能力与证明力内涵的基础上,对两大法系鉴定结论证据能力和证明力规范进行了考察,剖析了我国鉴定结论证据能力和证明力规范的立法现状以及存在的问题,并论证了规范鉴定结论证据能力的必要性。最后提出了以鉴定之必要性、关联性、科学可靠性、主体资格、鉴定过程正当、鉴定资料来源合法等为要件的鉴定结论证据能力规范构想,以及鉴定结论无预定的、优先的证明力、鉴定结论效力等级禁止、心证公开等鉴定结论证明力规则。第四章:“鉴定结论科学性评判标准存在的问题与对策”。本章在对科学技术与鉴定科学的内涵与差异进行解读的基础上,论证了区分鉴定结论证据科学与非科学的必要性,梳理了科学与非科学在科学哲学中的一般区分标准以及域外证据法关于鉴定结论科学性的判断标准规范,立足于我国目前鉴定结论科学性判断标准的现状以及存在的问题,确立了以“最大限度的利用现代科技成果,同时最大限度的阻止非科学的鉴定结论证据进入审判程序”作为鉴定结论证据科学性评判标准的价值选择,提出了我国鉴定结论科学性判断标准的完善对策,并以专家辅助制度和法官鉴定科学知识培训制度作为鉴定结论科学性评判标准施行的保障。第五章:“鉴定资料收集存在的问题与对策”。本章首先通过对几个典型案例进行分析,引出鉴定资料对鉴定结论可靠性的影响以及研究的必要性。然后以现阶段我国刑事诉讼法对鉴定资料收集规范存在的问题为视角,分析原因并就如何对其完善提出对策,尤其对人体物质类鉴定资料的收集提出了特殊的规范要求。第六章:“鉴定主体资格存在的问题与对策”。本章首先对鉴定主体的内涵与外延进行了阐释,明确鉴定主体应为自然人鉴定人,继而考察了不同诉讼制度下鉴定人的资格条件,分析了我国鉴定人资格认证制度的现状以及存在的问题,提出了以“职业资格、执业资格和法律资格”作为鉴定人资格构成的制度设想,同时应该对鉴定人资质实行动态控制。第七章:“鉴定程序存在的问题与对策”。本章在对鉴定程序之内涵与外延进行界定之后,在此基础上展开了有关鉴定启动程序、鉴定实施程序、鉴定结论质证程序和多头鉴定和重复鉴定等问题的探讨。在比较考察域外相关规定的情况下,剖析了我国各个程序环节存在的问题,并提出了解决的对策。在鉴定启动模式上提出了“职权主义与当事人主义相结合的启动模式”,主张鉴定过程应当公开,强化控辩双方的参与,确立了鉴定人出庭作证制度,对于实践中普遍存在的多头鉴定、重复鉴定问题提出了规范构想。第八章:“鉴定结论适用之证据规则体系简论”。本章是前几章内容的总结,鉴定结论适用问题的研究宗旨在于设计出鉴定结论适用的证据规则,在前几章对鉴定结论适用中所存在的问题的分析以及完善对策的基础上,对鉴定结论适用的证据规则体系作一总结概括,具体包括鉴定结论适用之取证规则、鉴定启动程序规则、鉴定实施程序规则、鉴定结论质证规则、鉴定结论之科学性评断标准规则、鉴定结论证据能力与证明力规则。第九章:“几种新型鉴定结论适用的问题与对策”。本章主要针对几种新型鉴定结论进行了具体的研究,包括DNA鉴定结论的适用、心理测试鉴定结论的适用以及声纹鉴定结论的适用。每一新的科学技术应用于司法领域都会引起科学家和法学家的反思、抑制和监督,本章主要对这几种新型鉴定结论从法律规范的视角来研究其在诉讼中的适用问题。
[Abstract]:The research and application of the evidence of the identification conclusion is an important issue of increasing concern in the theoretical and practical departments in recent years. This text puts forward the problems, analyses the problems and solve the problems, starting from the present situation of the application of the evidence of the appraisal conclusion of our country and drawing on the experience of the foreign countries, and proves the essential features of the evidence of the appraisal conclusion, the evidence ability and the proof. A systematic analysis and discussion of the existing problems in the legislation and practice are carried out in a systematic analysis. The full text is composed of nine chapters and three conclusions of the conclusion, about 30 thousand words.
In the introduction, this article first confuses the research background, the research significance and the research method. The identification conclusion plays an increasingly important role in the litigation activities as scientific evidence. However, in this context, the evidence rules for the identification of the conclusions appear in the legislation, and the new "king of evidence" is the judiciary in the judicial practice. People blindly accept letters. Therefore, the study of the problems and Countermeasures applicable to expert conclusion has the significance of legislative admonition, judicial guidance and enriching theoretical research.
Chapter one: "interpretation of judicial expertise". This chapter reconstructs the appellation and concept of judicial identification on the basis of systematically reviewing and combing the various views on the appellation and meaning of judicial expertise. It points out that the legal system norms are different from the identification of the legal activities in different legal activities, because they are restricted by the constraints of the law. To apply the "identification" to the litigation activities, the appraisal has the nature of "judicature" and becomes the judicial identification. The judicial identification is restricted by the strict restriction of the rules of litigation and the limitation of the value of the efficiency of the litigation. The combination of the purpose of justice and the scientific means has become the essential feature of the forensic appraisal.
The second chapter: "a brief analysis of the application of identification conclusions". On the basis of a broad definition of the application of identification conclusions, this chapter first clarifies the connotation, characteristics and functions of the identification conclusion, and investigates the historical track of the application of the appraisal conclusion from a comparative perspective, which is the cornerstone of the application of the appraisal conclusion. On this basis, the analysis is analyzed. The static evidence attributes of visitor outlook, relevance and legality, and the dynamic process of the application of identification conclusions are determined, and the application of identification conclusions, including the collection of identification data, the formation of identification conclusions and the review and evaluation of the identification conclusions, is determined in three stages.
The third chapter: "the evidence ability and the proof ability of the identification conclusion". The evidence ability and proof ability of the appraisal conclusion is the core problem of the application of the identification conclusion. On the basis of clearly identifying the evidence ability and the connotation of the proof of the identification conclusion, this chapter inspects the evidence ability of the identification conclusion and the standard of proof force in the two legal systems, and analyses the identification of our country. Conclusion the legislative status and existing problems of the evidence ability and the standard of proof, and the necessity to standardize the identification of the evidence ability. Finally, it puts forward the conception of the ability to identify the evidence with the necessity of identification, the relevance, the scientific reliability, the main qualification, the justification of the identification process and the identification of the sources of the data. As well as the conclusion of expert conclusions, the probative force of precedence, the prohibition of effectiveness grades of expert conclusions, and the openness of public evidence, etc.
The fourth chapter: "the problems and Countermeasures of the scientific evaluation criteria of identification conclusions". On the basis of the interpretation of the connotation and differences of science and technology and identification science, this chapter demonstrates the necessity of distinguishing the evidence science and non science from the identification and identification of the conclusion, and combs the general distinction standard of science and non science in the philosophy of science and extraterritorial. The standard criterion for the scientific judgment of the identification conclusion, based on the current status of the scientific judgement standard of our country's identification conclusions and the existing problems, has established the argument that "maximizing the use of modern scientific and technological achievements and preventing the non scientific identification evidence to enter the trial procedure at the same time". According to the value selection of the standard of scientific evaluation, this paper puts forward the perfect countermeasures for the scientific judgment standard of the appraisal conclusion of our country, and uses the expert assistant system and the judge to identify the scientific knowledge training system as the guarantee of the scientific evaluation standard of the appraisal conclusion.
The fifth chapter: "the problems and Countermeasures of identification data collection". This chapter first analyzes the impact of identification data on the reliability of identification conclusions and the necessity of the research by analyzing several typical cases. What measures should be taken to improve it, especially the collection of human material identification data?
The sixth chapter: "the problems and Countermeasures of the qualification of the identification subject". This chapter first explains the connotation and extension of the identification subject, and clearly defines the identification subject as a natural person, and then examines the qualifications of the authenticator under different litigation systems, and analyzes the status and problems of the qualification certification system in China. It puts forward the system assumption of "professional qualification, professional qualification and legal qualification" as the qualification of appraisers, and at the same time, should dynamically control the qualification of appraisers.
The seventh chapter: "the problems and Countermeasures of the identification procedure". After defining the connotation and extension of the identification procedure, this chapter launches the discussion on the identification starting procedure, the identification of the implementation procedure, the authentication procedure and the multiple identification and repeated identification. At the same time, this paper analyzes the problems existing in each procedure of our country, and puts forward the countermeasures to solve it. In the identification starting mode, it puts forward the starting mode of "combining the power doctrine with the litigant", and advocates that the identification process should be open, strengthen the participation of the two sides of the accusation and the defense, and establish the system of testimony of the appraiser in court, which is common in practice. The concept of repeated identification was put forward.
The eighth chapter: "a brief discussion on the system of evidence rules for the application of identification conclusions". This chapter is a summary of the previous chapters. The purpose of the study is to design the evidence rules for the application of the identification conclusions. On the basis of the analysis of the problems existing in the application of the identification conclusions and the improvement of the countermeasures, the application of the identification conclusions is applicable to the identification conclusions. The evidence rule system is summarized and summarized, including the evidence rules of the application of the identification conclusions, the identification of the rules of the starting procedure, the identification of the rules of the implementation procedures, the identification of the rules of the qualitative evidence, the standard rules for the scientific evaluation of the conclusion, the ability to identify the evidence and the rules of the proof.
The ninth chapter: "the problems and Countermeasures for the application of several new identification conclusions". This chapter mainly studies several new identification conclusions, including the application of DNA identification conclusions, the application of psychological testing and identification conclusions and the application of the conclusion of sound pattern identification. Jurists' reflection, inhibition and supervision, this chapter mainly studies the application of these new expert conclusions from the perspective of legal norms.
【学位授予单位】：中国政法大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：D918.9

【引证文献】