命案被害人研究

发布时间：2018-05-28 13:43

本文选题：命案 + 被害人　；参考：《山东大学》2008年硕士论文

【摘要】： “命案”是一个以犯罪实际造成的损害后果进行归类的概念。公安部对“命案”所确定的基本外延,包括故意杀人、故意伤害致死和在爆炸、投毒、放火、抢劫、强奸、绑架等犯罪活动中致人死亡的案件。当前我国每年命案发案数3万余起,伤亡人数远远超过当年全国各地自然灾害所造成的人员伤亡的总和。全国公安机关为期三年“命案必破”专项行动期间,发案水平呈现一定程度的降幅。但是,仅仅依靠专项打击和围绕犯罪人的预防工作显然是不够的。命案诱因极具多样性,又不具有显著的可防性,采取固有的震慑、防范、教育、改造等手段收效甚微,实务部门在疲于奔命的破案、抓捕、惩罚,所有举措都围绕犯罪人展开,却忽视了犯罪过程中还有一个重要环节——被害人需要进行研究。对命案被害人进行研究,是为了挖掘被害成因,指导被害预防,削减滋生犯罪的土壤,降低被害受损的程度。为了找到每年数万人死于非命的被害根源,就需要对这些案件层层分解、归类,找出其特征和规律。从命案类型来看,以故意杀人、伤害致死和抢劫杀人三类占绝对多数。命案被害人中,男女比例差别不明显,以青壮年居多,被害地点多数在住所和公共场所,暂住人口的被害比例较高,外来打工和个体经营人员所占比例较大。在纷繁复杂、形形色色的命案中,与被害人完全无关纯属偶然的被害现象是极少的,绝大多数被害的发生其实是偶然之中孕育着必然。揭示命案被害的必然因素就要从分析命案被害人的特征入手。所谓被害人特征,即被害人的被害性。被害性是被害人本身的一种特性,是诱发加害人实施加害行为的一种带有主动诱使和强烈刺激的因素,或者是加害人实施加害行为时可以利用和必须利用的有利条件。命案被害人的被害性主要包括被害的倾向性、易感性、受容性、诱发性、转化性等几方面。命案被害人的上述特征是导致其被害的要因。命案被害预防的研究方向就是围绕命案被害要因开展预防工作,消除或减少被害人特征,改善被害时空条件,降低潜在被害人群的被害风险。从被害人和潜在被害人为主体的范围大小的不同来说,犯罪被害预防可以分为社会被害预防、群体被害预防、个体被害预防三个层次。社会被害预防是指有关职能部门从整个社会的犯罪和犯罪被害的现状与趋势出发,制定相关的防范被害措施及贯彻实施这些措施的过程。群体被害预防是指针对有关易发生命案和易产生命案被害人的社会群体,采取专门规定和措施,防止和减少被害发生的预防工作。个体被害预防是指个人在社会有关部门宣传、教育影响下,依据个人经验、掌握的相关知识和技能,主动实施的避免犯罪被害的行为。
[Abstract]:Homicide is a concept classified by the actual consequences of the damage caused by the crime. The basic denotation of "homicide" determined by the Ministry of Public Security includes cases of intentional homicide, intentional injury, and death in explosion, poisoning, arson, robbery, rape, kidnapping, and other criminal activities. At present, there are more than 30,000 homicide cases each year in our country, and the number of casualties is far more than the total number of casualties caused by natural disasters all over the country. During the three-year special action of the national public security organs, the level of crime has decreased to a certain extent. But it is clearly not enough to rely solely on specific strikes and prevention efforts around perpetrators. The causes of homicide cases are extremely diverse, and they are not significantly preventable. Measures such as deterring, preventing, educating, reforming and so on have had little effect. The practical departments are working hard to solve cases, arrest and punish them. All the measures have been carried out around the perpetrators. However, it ignores the fact that there is still an important link in the process of crime-the victim needs to be studied. The purpose of this study is to excavate the causes of victimization, to guide the prevention of victimization, to reduce the soil of crime breeding, and to reduce the degree of victimization. In order to find out the root causes of tens of thousands of deaths every year, it is necessary to decompose these cases layer by layer, classify them and find out their characteristics and laws. According to the type of homicide cases, intentional homicide, injury death and robbery homicide account for the absolute majority. There is no obvious difference between male and female victims in the homicide cases. The majority of the victims are young and middle-aged. The majority of the victims are in their residences and public places. The proportion of the temporary residents is higher and the proportion of migrant workers and self-employed personnel is larger. In the complicated and varied homicide cases, there are very few victims who have nothing to do with the victims. The vast majority of the victims are pregnant with the inevitable in the accident. To reveal the inevitable factors of homicide, we should analyze the characteristics of homicide victims. So-called victim characteristic, namely victim's victimization. Victimization is a characteristic of the victim itself. It is a kind of active inducement and strong stimulation factor that induces the victimizer to carry out the injurious behavior, or it is the favorable condition which can be used and must be used when the victimizer carries out the injurious act. The victimization of homicide victims mainly includes the tendency, susceptibility, tolerance, inducement, transmutation and so on. The above-mentioned characteristics of the homicide victim are the cause of his death. The research direction of homicide prevention is to carry out prevention work, to eliminate or reduce the characteristics of victims, to improve the space-time conditions of victims, and to reduce the risk of victimization of potential victims. According to the scope of the victim and the potential victim, the crime prevention can be divided into three levels: social victimization prevention, group victimization prevention and individual victimization prevention. The prevention of social victimization refers to the process of making relevant measures to prevent victimization and carry out these measures from the view of the present situation and trend of crime and crime victimization in the whole society. The prevention of mass victimization refers to the prevention work of preventing and reducing the occurrence of victimization by taking special provisions and measures against the social groups which are prone to homicide and easy to produce homicide victims. Individual victimization prevention refers to the behavior of avoiding crime and victimization, which is carried out by individuals under the influence of propaganda and education in relevant social departments, according to personal experience and relevant knowledge and skills.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2008
【分类号】：D917

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