科技论争与公众参与:环境风险研究中的公民身份议题

发布时间：2018-02-13 17:09

本文关键词： 环境风险公民身份科技论争公众参与认知正义　出处：《公共行政评论》2017年05期 　论文类型：期刊论文

【摘要】：现代环境风险大多源自发达的科学技术及其应用,其实质是知识的不确定性所引发的科技风险作用于环境领域的结果。现实中风险治理知识的生产被专家与技术官僚所垄断,普通公众被视为非理性或无知,从而导致风险治理僵局。在对环境风险生成与治理困境的反思中,越来越多研究者强调公众参与的重要性,进而形成了环境风险"公民身份"的研究。对既有研究的梳理发现,不同理论对公众与科学的关系有不同的认识,从而形成了"消极"与"积极"两种不同的公民身份观。消极公民身份强调科学知识的有效性,公众主要是科学知识的"接受者"与"选择者"。积极公民身份则强调公众常识的认识论价值,公众成为风险知识的"合作生产者"与科技决策的"议程设定者"。对公众常识的承认体现了认知正义的价值诉求,它的实现需要对"专家治国"的环境风险治理模式进行变革,专家与公众的关系需要由科层式的、自上而下的关系模式改变为互动式的、合作生产的关系模式。
[Abstract]:Most of the modern environmental risks come from developed science and technology and their applications, and their essence is the result of the scientific and technological risks caused by the uncertainty of knowledge in the field of environment. In reality, the production of risk management knowledge is monopolized by experts and technocrats. The general public is regarded as irrational or ignorant, which leads to the deadlock of risk governance. In the reflection of the plight of environmental risk generation and governance, more and more researchers emphasize the importance of public participation. Thus, the study of "citizenship" of environmental risk is formed. It is found that different theories have different understanding of the relationship between the public and science. As a result, two different views of citizenship are formed: "negative" and "positive". Negative citizenship emphasizes the validity of scientific knowledge. The public is mainly the "receiver" and the "choice" of scientific knowledge. Active citizenship emphasizes the epistemological value of public common sense. The public becomes the "cooperative producer" of risk knowledge and the "agenda setter" of scientific and technological decision making. The recognition of public common sense embodies the value demand of cognitive justice, and its realization needs to change the environmental risk management mode of "expert country". The relationship between experts and the public needs to be changed from a hierarchical, top-down relationship model to an interactive, cooperative production relationship model.
【作者单位】：中国海洋大学法政学院公共管理系;
【基金】：2017年度青岛市社会科学规划研究项目“环境风险的话语建构机理及其治理研究”(QDSKL1701027) 教育部人文社会科学研究青年项目“话语建构视角下的农村合作医疗政策变迁研究”(16YJC810017)
【分类号】：D621.5

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