1789年法国贵族丧失特权的原因探析

发布时间：2018-03-14 02:56

本文选题：贵族特权　切入点：法国大革命　出处：《吉林大学》2016年硕士论文　论文类型：学位论文

【摘要】：贵族特权是基于贵族身份而享有的好处和利益,可从实在价值、象征意义两个层面加以理解。法国大革命在人类历史上第一次彻底摧毁了贵族特权的庞杂体系:包括财政特权、领主捐税在内的经济特权,政治特权,荣誉特权等。本文通过考察贵族与王权、资产者、农民的结构性冲突及其限制,揭示了贵族特权的路径依赖特征,进而在长、短时段交织的视域下深入挖掘法国贵族丧失特权的原因。长远来看,旧制度下法国权力结构、社会结构的变迁深刻动摇了贵族特权的基础。一方面,王权扩张沉重打击了贵族的领主权力,地方治理的职责随之丧失;另一方面,资产者的崛起及其同贵族间的平等趋势弱化了后者的优越性。贵族特权的合法性、合理性已然降低。但与此同时,王权的根本性庇护、资产者及农民矛盾的特权观念维系着既有的特权体系。其中,王权庇护主要基于政治统治对贵族官僚的依赖,资产者被捐官制同化进特权者的圈子。然而,上述支撑因素的内在张力同样存在,贵族特权对王权的依附内含隐患,而社会流动机制与等级社会结构的潜在冲突也孕育着否定性的观念因素。在此背景下,1787年的财政危机及后续事件相继开启了权力格局的转换和观念结构的调整,王权、资产者、农民分别对不同类型的贵族特权提出挑战。具体而言,国王政府针对贵族免税权的改革因后者的反专制斗争归于失败,被迫召开全国三级会议。会议筹备与召开期间王权的中立则造成了最高权力的真空,贵族特权失去了根本保障,对立各方失去了有效约束。相对保守的资产者同贵族间存在诸多改革共识,但会议程序争端激化了二者间植根于身份差异的冲突,资产者观念日益激进。经济危机和政治形势的交汇则使农民将苦难归咎于领主特权。贵族代表最终放弃了所有特权。据此,贵族特权的丧失是结构和能动交互作用的产物。值得注意的是,随着贵族转化为新的统治集团的一部分,贵族特权实则为一种新型特权所取代。
[Abstract]:Aristocratic privileges are benefits and benefits based on aristocratic status, which can be understood in terms of real value and symbolism. For the first time in human history, the French Revolution completely destroyed the complex system of aristocratic privileges: including fiscal privileges. The economic privilege, political privilege, privilege of honor and so on. By examining the structural conflicts between nobility and Wang Quan, assets and peasants and their limitations, this paper reveals the characteristics of path dependence of aristocratic privilege, and then in the long run, In the long run, the changes of the French power structure and social structure under the old system have deeply shaken the basis of the aristocratic privilege. Wang Quan's expansion dealt a heavy blow to the aristocratic power of the lord and the loss of local governance. On the other hand, the rise of the asset and the trend of equality with the aristocrat weakened the superiority of the latter, and the legitimacy of the aristocratic privilege. Rationality has diminished. But at the same time, Wang Quan's fundamental patronage, the contradiction between assets and farmers, the concept of privileges to maintain the existing system of privileges. Among them, Wang Quan asylum is mainly based on the political rule of the aristocratic bureaucrat dependence, The asset was assimilated into the circle of privileged people by the official donation system. However, the inherent tension of the above supporting factors also existed, and the dependence of the aristocratic privilege on Wang Quan had hidden dangers. The potential conflict between social mobility mechanism and hierarchical social structure also breeds negative conceptual factors. In this context, the financial crisis of 1787 and the subsequent events have opened the transformation of power structure and the adjustment of the concept structure. Wang Quan, the asset, Farmers challenged different types of aristocratic privileges. In particular, the reform of the royal government's tax-exempt rights of the nobility was defeated by the latter's anti-autocratic struggle. Wang Quan's neutrality during the preparation and holding of the conference created a vacuum in the supreme power, and the aristocratic privilege lost its fundamental protection. The opposing parties have lost effective restraint. There is a great deal of reform consensus between the relatively conservative asset and the nobility, but the dispute of meeting procedure intensifies the conflict rooted in the identity difference between the two parties. The idea of asset owners is becoming more radical. The convergence of economic crisis and political situation makes peasants blame the suffering on the privileges of the lords. The representatives of the aristocrats finally give up all the privileges. According to the combination of the economic crisis and the political situation, The loss of aristocratic privilege is the result of the interaction of structure and activity. It is worth noting that as the aristocrat transforms into a part of the new ruling group, the aristocratic privilege is in fact replaced by a new type of privilege.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D756.5

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