西方近代条约体系对中越朝贡关系的影响

发布时间：2018-04-17 14:33

本文选题：中越朝贡关系 + 西方近代条约体系　；参考：《河南师范大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：本文着重探讨的是西方近代条约体系对中越朝贡关系的影响。西方近代条约体系在东亚的侵浸及建立,逐渐破坏了中越朝贡关系存在的政治基础,最终导致了中越朝贡关系的终结;西方近代条约体系还间接地促使了中国近代外交机构的建立和近代外交思想体系的产生。研究西方近代条约体系对中越朝贡关系的影响,不仅有利于探究中越朝贡关系终结的历史原因,更有助于促进今天中越睦邻友好外交关系的发展。中越朝贡关系从越南成为独立国家后便开始了,又经历了宋朝时期两国朝贡关系的确立,再到元朝、明朝时期的进一步发展,直至最后这种朝贡关系成为两国间交往的定制。西方势力入侵前,清朝与越南西山朝、阮朝继续保持着朝贡关系。越南定期向中国朝贡,中国对越南国王进行册封。这种册封起到维护越南国王在国内合法地位的作用,但是中国对越南的内政和外交基本上是不干涉的。朝贡关系作为东亚特有的国际关系体系,长久以来维护了东亚地区的安全与稳定。中越间的这种朝贡关系一直持续到1885年《中法会订越南条约》的签订而告以结束。西方近代条约体系作为近代西方国家维持国际秩序的重要纽带,是伴随着近代国际法的产生而逐步建立的。近代西方资本主义的蓬勃发展,促使西方国家迫切需要扩展其海外市场,亚洲便成为西方国家争相掠夺的对象。他们通过武力逼迫中越两国签定了很多不平等条约。两次鸦片战争,清政府被迫与列强们签订了一系列不平等条约,这些条约将中国纳入到了西方近代条约体系之中。法国对越南从来没有放松殖民征服,它对越南发动多次的侵略战争,并与之签订了两次西贡条约和顺化条约,通过这些条约的签订,西方近代条约体系也在越南形成。西方近代条约体系的建立最终使维系了近千年的中越朝贡关系逐渐土崩瓦解,中越条约外交关系建立,东亚新格局也在逐渐形成。首先,西方近代条约体系的建立破坏了中越朝贡关系存在的经济基础,使中越朝贡关系赖以存在的自然经济基础不复存在。条约使两国开埠通商,外国商品大量涌入国内,对两国传统的自然经济产生了极大的破坏作用,使两国都纳入到了世界经济体系的范围,其结果具有双重作用。一方面使两国成为西方殖民者获取廉价原料和劳动力、倾销商品的基地,另外一方面促进了两国资本主义生产关系的产生和发展,对传统的封建社会有很大的冲击和瓦解作用,从而使中越朝贡关系赖以存在的自然经济基础不复存在。其次,西方近代条约体系的建立改变了中越朝贡关系原有的政治架构,新的近代外交机构随之建立。鸦片战争后一系列条约建立,中国也逐渐被拉入近代条约体系的大网。中国传统的封建政治结构也发生了变化,这种变化应该说是清政府对西方列强侵略加深的一种政治上的回应。而政治结构的变化表面看是清政府为了方便对外交往而做的局部改变,但实际上起到的效果却不仅仅是这些。新的近代外交机构的建立吸收了部分近代外交方式,改变了中越旧有的以朝贡这种方式所进行的外交。中越两国的朝贡关系逐渐不能适应新的近代外交方式,条约外交逐步建立。再次,西方近代条约体系的建立打破了中越朝贡关系传统的观念结构,使其向以平等、诚信为基础的近代外交理念转变。西方文化的输入,一方面传播了近代的科学、民主思想,使国人接受了新的观念和思想,从而对封建社会的改革也埋下了伏笔。由于国人思想观念的变化,传统的“华夏中心论”和“天下”观念开始转变,这就促进了近代新观念的产生。一些先进知识分子开始意识到中国必须抛弃保守、自闭、以自我为中心的天朝观念,以平等、诚信的态度处理与其他国家的关系,这样中国才能不被时代所抛弃。也正是国门的洞开以及与西方国家的不断交往,国人的近代化意识才被不断地唤醒。在西方近代条约体系影响下,中越两国的朝贡观念也逐渐的在转变,直至消失。最后,西方近代条约体系的建立从根本上改变了长期以来以中国为中心的远东国际关系体制,取代它的是一种新的以西方列强为中心的近代殖民体制。中越朝贡关系结束了,新的条约外交体系建立,东亚新的国际关系格局就此逐渐形成。
[Abstract]:This paper focuses on the influence of the western modern treaty system on the tributary relationship between China and Vietnam. The modern western treaty system in East Asia and the establishment of immersion, undermine the political foundation of the tributary relationship between China and Vietnam, eventually led to the end of the tributary relationship between China and Vietnam; modern western treaty system also indirectly contributed to the modern diplomatic institutions and the establishment of China the modern diplomatic thought system. Influence of western modern treaty system on the tributary relationship between China and Vietnam, is not only beneficial to explore the historical reason for the end of the tributary relationship between China and Vietnam, more conducive to promoting the development of good neighborly friendly diplomatic relations today. The tributary relationship between China and Vietnam from Vietnam to become an independent country after the start of the two countries, and experienced the establishment of tributary relationship the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty, the further development of the Ming Dynasty, until the end of this tributary relationship has become the custom exchanges between the two countries. Before the invasion of the Western powers, the Qing Dynasty and Vietnam at Xishan, Nguyen maintained a tributary relationship. China tribute regularly to Vietnam, Chinese were canonized in Vietnam. The king conferred to the maintenance of the Vietnamese king in legal status in China, but Chinese on Vietnam's internal affairs and diplomacy is basically not to interfere. The tributary relationship as a unique system of international relations in East Asia, for a long time to maintain the security and stability of East Asia. The tributary relationship between China and Vietnam until 1885 "Sino French will set the signing of the Treaty of Vietnam" come to an end. The western modern treaty system as an important link in modern western countries to maintain international order, is accompanied by modern international law have gradually established. The vigorous development of modern western capitalism, prompting western countries desperately need to expand its overseas market, Asia has become the western countries to plunder The object of them by force. China and Vietnam signed a number of unequal treaties. The two Opium War, the Western powers and the Qing government was forced to sign a series of unequal treaties, the treaty will China into the modern western treaty system. France in Vietnam never relaxed colonial conquest, it launched the war of aggression many times in Vietnam, and signed the two Xigong treaty and the Treaty of hue and, through the signing of the treaties, western modern treaty system in Vietnam has also formed. The establishment of modern western treaty system to maintain the near millennium in the tributary relationship is crumbling, establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Vietnam treaty, a new pattern of East Asia is gradually form. First, establish modern western treaty system destroyed the economic base of the tributary relationship between China and Vietnam, the natural economic foundation for the existence of the tributary relationship between China and Vietnam does not exist In the treaty between the two countries. The treaty port, the influx of domestic foreign goods, the two traditional natural economy had a devastating effect, so that the two countries are integrated into the world economic system, it has dual role. On the one hand, the two countries become the western colonists to obtain cheap raw materials and labor, dumping goods base. On the other hand to promote the emergence and development of the capitalist relations of production, the traditional feudal society has a great impact and collapse, the natural economic base so that the tributary relationship between China and Vietnam for the existence of no longer exist. Secondly, the establishment of modern western treaty system has changed the political structure of the tributary relationship between China and Vietnam, the new foreign institutions in modern times will be established. The establishment of a series of treaties after the Opium War, China gradually pulled into the modern treaty system to the net. China traditional feudal political structure Is changed, this change should be said is a political response to the Qing government to deepen the invasion of Western powers. While the change of surface structure is local political change of the Qing government in order to facilitate foreign exchanges and do, but in fact the effect but is not only these. The establishment of a new modern diplomatic organization absorption the part of modern diplomacy, changed the old tributary to Vietnam this way of diplomatic relations between China and Vietnam. The tributary gradually can't adapt to the new mode of modern diplomacy, diplomatic treaties have been gradually established. Thirdly, the establishment of modern western treaty system to break the traditional concept of structure of the tributary relationship between China and Vietnam, which leads to equality, transformation based on the concept of modern diplomatic integrity. The introduction of western culture, on the one hand spread modern science and democracy, make people accept new ideas and thoughts, and the feudal Social reform also foreshadowed. Because of the change of people's ideological concept, the traditional "China Center Theory" and "the world" concept began to change, which promoted the modern new ideas. Some advanced intellectuals began to realize that Chinese must abandon conservative, autistic, self-centered concept in China. The relationship between equality, honest attitude to deal with other countries, such China will not be abandoned by time. It is also in constant contact and open country and Western countries, modern people's consciousness is constantly awakening. In western modern treaty system under the influence of the two tributary concept also gradually in turn, until it disappears. Finally, the establishment of modern western treaty system fundamentally changed the Far East International Relations System for a long time to Chinese as the center, it is replaced with a new western powers as the center In the modern colonial system, the Sino Vietnamese Tributary Relations ended, the new treaty diplomatic system was established, and the new pattern of international relations in East Asia was gradually formed.

【学位授予单位】：河南师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D829.333

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