正发党执政期间土耳其民主巩固研究（2002-2014）

发布时间：2018-04-21 00:14

本文选题：正义与发展党 + 民主巩固　；参考：《北京外国语大学》2015年博士论文

【摘要】：2011年初以来,西亚北非地区持续的大规模政治动荡严重冲击了部分国家的政治体制,重塑着地区政治格局,有关国家也在探索新的治理模式。与此同时,身处伊斯兰世界、与阿拉伯国家毗邻的土耳其却得以独善其身,“民主模式”备受推崇。从1945年步入多党制至今,土耳其的民主化进程已经发展了70年。1950年民主党通过选举上台执政,标志着土耳其民主转型的成功。与民主化进程同时发生的是城市化进程,这一进程对土耳其的社会和政治结构产生了深远影响,不同社会阶层和利益群体的矛盾日益明显和突出。城市化进程使得处于“边缘”的人们纷纷来到“中心”,人口结构的改变意味着选民选举偏好的变化,也意味着以赢取选票为目标的政党政策的变化,这些变化重新构建了土耳其的政治格局。 20世纪60-80年代的三次军事政变中断了土耳其的民主进程。1960年政变后出台的宪法扩大了公民的自由与权利,土耳其的政治光谱向左右翼同时扩展,60-70年代的党派林立、意识形态极化现象导致国家动荡,政局不稳。1980年军事政变后,土耳其所有政党被取缔,党派领袖被禁止从政,这些措施以及限制自由与权利的1982年宪法的出台都反映了土耳其军方积极干政的决心。 80年代初土耳其政府开始推行经济自由化改革,随着进口替代政策被出口导向政策取代,安纳托利亚伊斯兰中小资本迅速崛起。伊斯兰资本的快速积累为伊斯兰政党和伊斯兰运动的崛起奠定了物质基础。1987年前政治家从政的禁令被取消,民主政治得以全面恢复。实际上从1983年大选开始,土耳其的选举政治就没再被中断过。从90年代开始一直到2001年,土耳其发生了三次严重的经济危机,引发了广泛的破产和失业潮,对中小资本也造成了很大损害。经济危机还导致联合政府频繁更迭,再加上政府腐败,所有政党都得不到民众信任,选民努力寻找全新的政党和领袖。可以说,成立于2001年的正义与发展党(简称“正发党”)之所以能够在2002年大选中胜出,经济危机导致的上述后果发挥了重大作用。 2002-2014年正发党执政期间,土耳其的经济得到了比较稳定的发展,这为正发党赢得了持续的支持。2002、2007和2011年三次选举中,正发党的支持率持续上升,出现了多党制以来少见的一党长期执政的局面,土耳其政党制度也逐渐从90年代的极端多党制转为现在的主导党体制。本文研究的是正发党执政期间土耳其的民主巩固问题,那么正发党执政期间土耳其的民主是否得到了巩固?本文在第一章介绍了正发党上台前民主巩固的背景,在第二至第四章从制度、行为者、政治文化三个层面分析了正发党执政期间土耳其的民主巩固问题,其中第二章涉及制度层面,包括宪法、政府体制、选举制度和政党制度等；第三章介绍正发党执政期间土耳其行为者层面的民主巩固,从执政党民主态度的演变、土耳其三个主要的企业家协会民主态度的演变、居兰运动、库尔德组织、媒体五个方面分析行为者层面的民主巩固情况；第四章则从政治文化的视角分析正发党执政期间土耳其的民主巩固问题；最后一部分是结论。首先,从制度层面上看,土耳其现行宪法被认为违背民主原则,议会中各政党就新宪法很难形成一致意见；选举制度中最大的问题是设置了10%的门槛,尽管这一高门槛确实对防止土耳其政党体制的碎片化发挥了一定的作用,但它同时引发了有关进入议会的政党的代表性是否公平的问题。在选举制度及其他因素的共同作用下,正发党处于主导党地位,包括党内斗争、腐败等问题在内的容易在主导党体制中出现的问题在土耳其都已出现。因此从制度层次上讲,土耳其未实现民主巩固。其次,从行为者层面上看,正发党在议会占据绝对优势,越来越表现出集权倾向；不同的利益集团对民主也有各自不同的理解；公民社会中最具影响力的居兰运动、库尔德工人党组织及媒体也都从各自的利益出发解读民主。尽管如此,从总体上看,行为者均为民主化进程的受益者,希望通过民主的巩固来实现自身利益的最大化,是民主巩固的内在推动力量,从这个意义上说,土耳其部分地实现了民主巩固。最后,从政治文化层面上看,20世纪80年代起,土耳其传统的强国家弱社会关系逐渐转变,公民社会的力量得到了极大加强。正发党上台后,加速了传统的中心-边缘关系的改变,之前长期处于边缘的人群更快地向中心流动,为多元民主政治的实现提供了可能；同时,文官-军队关系也发生了根本改变,军队逐渐远离政治。从这两个方面看,土耳其的民主巩固得到了深化。但是,从精英关系来看,土耳其执政精英的集权倾向日益严重,反对派力量不足以发挥制衡作用,因此,从这个角度来看,土耳其的民主巩固还有很长的路要走。
[Abstract]:Since the beginning of 2011, the continuing large-scale political turmoil in Western Asia and North Africa has seriously impacted the political system of some countries, reshaped the political structure of the region, and the countries concerned are exploring new governance patterns. At the same time, Turkey, in the Islamic world and adjacent to the Arabia state, has been able to take advantage of it, and the "democratic model" has been pushed forward. From 1945 to the multiparty system, the process of democratization in Turkey has developed for 70 years in.1950, which marks the success of the democratic transformation of Turkey. The process of urbanization with the process of democratization has had a profound influence on the social and political structure of Turkey and different societies. The contradiction between the stratum and the interest group is becoming more and more obvious and prominent. The process of urbanization makes the people in the "edge" come to the center. The change of the population structure means the change of electoral preference and the change of the political party policy which aims to win the ballot. These changes have rebuilt the political pattern of Turkey.
The three military coup in the 60-80 years of twentieth Century interrupted the democratic process in Turkey to expand the freedom and rights of the citizens after the.1960 coup, the political spectrum of Turkey expanded to the left and right wings, the political parties in the 60-70 years, the ideological polarization caused the turmoil of the state, and the political instability after the.1980 military coup. All political parties were banned and party leaders were banned from politics. These measures, as well as the 1982 constitution that restricted freedom and rights, reflected the determination of the Turkey military to be active.
In the early 80s, the government of Turkey began to carry out the reform of economic liberalization. As the import substitution policy was replaced by the export oriented policy, the middle and small capital of Anatolia has risen rapidly. The rapid accumulation of Islamic capital has laid a material foundation for the rise of Islamic political parties and the Islamic movement, and the prohibition of politician from politics.1987 years ago was taken. The democratic politics has been fully restored. In fact, the election politics in Turkey has not been interrupted since the 1983 election.
From 90s to 2001, three serious economic crises have taken place in Turkey, causing widespread insolvency and unemployment, causing great damage to small and medium capital. The economic crisis has also led to frequent changes in the joint government and the corruption of the government. All political parties do not have the trust of the people, and the voters are trying to find new political parties and to find new political parties. Leaders. It can be said that the justice and development party, founded in 2001, was able to win in the 2002 general election, and the consequences of the economic crisis have played a major role.
During the 2002-2014 years of the ruling of the CPC, Turkey's economy has been more stable, which has won the continuous support for the.20022007 and the three elections in 2011. The party's support rate has continued to rise. There has been a long period of uncommon rule of one party since the multiparty system, and the Turkey party system is gradually from 90s. The extreme multiparty system is turned into the present leading party system.
This article studies the democratic consolidation of Turkey during the period of the ruling party in power, so is the democracy of Turkey consolidated during the period of the ruling party in power? This article introduces the background of the democratic consolidation of the party in the first chapter, and analyzes the period of the second to fourth chapters from the system, the actor and the political culture in the period of the ruling party. The second chapter of Turkey's democratic consolidation involves the institutional level, including the constitution, the government system, the electoral system and the political party system. The third chapter introduces the democratic consolidation of the Turkey actor level during the period of the ruling party, the evolution of the democratic attitude of the ruling party, and the evolution of the Democratic attitudes of the three major entrepreneurs associations in Turkey. The five aspects of the democratic consolidation of the actor level are analyzed in the five aspects of the blue movement, Kurdish organization and the media, and the fourth chapter analyzes the democratic consolidation of the party during the period of the political culture and the last part is the conclusion.
First of all, from the institutional level, the current constitution of Turkey is considered to be contrary to the principle of democracy, and it is difficult for all political parties in the parliament to form a consensus on the new constitution; the biggest problem in the electoral system is the setting of a threshold of 10%, although this high threshold does play a role in preventing the fragmentation of the political party system in Turkey, but it is at the same time The question of whether the representative of the political party entering the parliament is fair. Under the joint action of the electoral system and other factors, the problems that the party is prone to in the leading party system, including the party struggle, corruption and other issues, have appeared in Turkey. Therefore, from the institutional level, Turkey has not. To achieve democratic consolidation.
Secondly, from the aspect of the actor, the party occupies an absolute advantage in the parliament, and is increasingly showing the tendency of centralization; the different interest groups have different understandings of democracy; the most influential Kurdistan movement in the civil society, the Kurdish workers' Party organization and the media also interpret democracy from their respective interests. Even so, On the whole, the actors are all beneficiaries of the process of democratization, and they hope to maximize their own interests through the consolidation of democracy. It is an intrinsic driving force for the consolidation of democracy. In this sense, Turkey has partly realized the consolidation of democracy.
At the end of the year, from the political and cultural level, since 1980s, the weak social relations of the traditional powerhouses in Turkey have gradually changed and the strength of the civil society has been greatly strengthened. In the two aspects, Turkey's democratic consolidation has been deepened. However, from the point of view of the elite relations, the centralization tendency of the ruling elite of Turkey is becoming more and more serious and the opposition forces are not sufficient to play the role of checks and balances. From one point of view, Turkey's democratic consolidation still has a long way to go.

【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D737.4

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