中国参与北极事务的实践探索及路径分析

发布时间：2018-04-21 17:25

本文选题：北极事务 + 北极理事会　；参考：《吉林大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：近年来,由于北极气候环境的变化以及北极冰雪消融的速度加快,北极地区的战略地位、能源储备以及商业价值逐渐被各国所关注。尤其是被寄予厚望的北极航道,将可能成为未来国际贸易的“黄金水道”。以美国、加拿大、俄罗斯、芬兰、瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛为代表的北极国家利用北极理事会主导着北极事务,一方面对域外参与者挥舞着北极版“门罗主义”,排挤域外参与者;另一方面也加紧对北极地区争夺,相互之间摩擦不断。中国于2015年将北极地区纳入到中国国家安全的“战略新疆域”,将中国参与北极事务赋予了更多的国家安全意义。中国参与北极事务经历了漫长的历程。中国参与北极事务始于科学研究,自1999年至今,中国已经对北极进行了7次科学考察,一举奠定了北极科研大国的地位。为了更好的参与北极科研以及其他北极活动,中国向北极理事会提出成为理事会“观察员”的申请,以获得“合理”的北极身份,在经过6年的努力之后,中国被正式接纳为理事会“观察员”,为将来深入参与北极事务打下基础。同时,中国也着手推进北极的开发进程,以双边合作的方式,参与北极资源的开发。试航北极航道是中国在北极地区活动的另一个重点领域,虽然尚处于初级阶段,但总体呈现良好的发展势头。合法性、必要性和义务性是中国参与北极事务的三大动因。从合法性角度出发,中国参与北极事务,首先是《国际海洋法公约》赋予中国的权力,《斯瓦尔巴条约》缔约国的应有权利以及国际海事组织的A类理事国的合法权利;其次是基于国际条约与合作协议的规定,如中国参与的有关北极濒危动物保护条约、涉及北极科研的《国际北极科学委员会章程条款》以及双边合作协议,这些都为中国参与北极事务提供了合法途径。从合理性的角度出发,首先,中国是北极气候变化的受害国之一,北极气候变化不仅导致中国灾害性天气增多和海平面上升,而且还增加了中国北极科研与开发的风险;其次,中国在北极地区有着资源、航运与安全三大利益诉求,出于对国家利益的考量,中国也有必要将北极治理作为参与北极事务的重要内容。从义务性的角度出发,中国参与北极事务既是作为负责任大国应尽的义务,也是作为北极理事会观察员应尽的义务。中国参与北极事务面临着多重困境。由于北极理事会在北极事务中占据着主导地位,中国参与北极事务的程度很大程度上依赖于中国参与北极理事会的程度。但由于理事会机制的不完善以及排他性的存在,导致中国参与的过程中面临着诸多困境。首先是“鼓励参与”与“严格限制”的参与机制性的困境,加剧了北极国家与域外国家的矛盾。其次是内部治理机制的困境,包括“软法”性基础与“硬法”性需求的现实性困境以及垄断与弊病并存的机制性困境,导致域外国家始终无法在北极事务中发挥应有的作用。其次是大国博弈带来的利益困境,一方面体现在北极域内国家的利益困境上,另一方面也体现在域内与域外国家的利益困境;第三是中国参与的身份困境,主要表现为中国对现有北极机制的多元认同,导致参与身份始终无法准确定位的困境,以及身份定位困境所带来的战略选择困境。中国参与北极事务的三种路径选择。本文将以发展的视角,将中国参与北极事务的进程划分为三个阶段:一是秉持务实态度,融入北极治理的近期路径;二是重视域外国家,寻求多元合作的中期路径;三是推进机制改革,参与体系建构的远期路径。根据中国参与北极的初期、中期、远期三个阶段的不同状况,制定与之相适应参与路径,在争取北极理事会认同的同时,逐步加强同域外国家的合作,提升域外国家在北极事务中的话语权,逐步推进北极治理机制的改革与完善。
[Abstract]:In recent years, the strategic position, energy reserves and commercial value of the Arctic region have gradually been paid attention to by the changes in the Arctic climate and the speed of the melting of the Arctic ice and snow. Especially, the expected Arctic channel will be a "golden channel" for future international trade. The United States, Canada, Russia, Finland, The Arctic countries, represented by Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Iceland, use the Arctic Council to dominate the Arctic affairs. On the one hand, they waving the Arctic version of "Monroe doctrine" to extraterritorial participants and extraterritorial participants; on the other hand, the Arctic region is scramble for and friction between each other. China incorporated the Arctic region into China in 2015. China's participation in Arctic affairs has been a long journey through China's participation in Arctic affairs. China's participation in Arctic affairs began with scientific research. Since 1999, China has carried out 7 scientific investigations on the Arctic and laid the status of a great Arctic research power in one move. In order to better participate in Arctic research and other Arctic activities, China proposed to the Arctic Council as a "Observer" of the Council to obtain a "reasonable" Arctic identity. After 6 years of effort, China was formally accepted as an "Observer" of the Council to lay the foundation for further participation in the Arctic affairs. The country also embarked on the development process of the Arctic and participated in the development of Arctic resources with bilateral cooperation. The pilot Arctic channel is another key area of China's activity in the Arctic region. Although it is still in the primary stage, it has a good momentum of development. Legitimacy, necessity and obligation are the three largest part of China's participation in Arctic affairs. Motivation. From the perspective of legitimacy, China's participation in Arctic affairs, first of all, is the power given to China by the International Convention on the law of the law of the sea, the rights of the contracting parties to the Treaty of Svalbard and the legal rights of the International Maritime Organization's category a members; secondly, based on the provisions of international treaties and cooperation agreements, such as China's participation in the endangered Arctic The animal protection treaty, involving Arctic scientific research, the articles of association of the International Arctic Science Commission and bilateral cooperation agreements, has provided a legal way for China to participate in the Arctic affairs. From a reasonable point of view, China is one of the victims of the Arctic climate change, and the climate change in the Arctic not only leads to the increase of China's disastrous weather. More and more sea level rises, and it also increases the risk of scientific research and development in the Chinese Arctic. Secondly, China has the resources, shipping and security appeals in the Arctic region. For the sake of national interest, it is necessary for China to take the Arctic governance as an important part of the Arctic affairs. From an obligation perspective, China participates in the north. Polar affairs are both obligations as responsible countries as responsible powers as well as the obligations of observers in the Arctic Council. China is faced with multiple difficulties in the Arctic affairs. Because of the dominance of the Arctic Council in Arctic affairs, the extent of China's participation in Arctic affairs is largely dependent on China's participation in the Arctic Council. But because of the imperfection of the mechanism of the Council and the existence of exclusiveness, there are many difficulties in the process of participation in China. First, the plight of participation mechanism of "encouraging participation" and "strict restriction" has intensified the contradiction between the Arctic and extraterritorial countries. Secondly, the dilemma of the internal governance mechanism, including the "soft law". The realistic predicament of the sexual base and the "hard law" demand, as well as the institutional dilemma of the coexistence of monopoly and maladies leads to the foreign countries being unable to play their due role in the Arctic affairs. Secondly, the interest plight brought by the game of great powers, on the one hand, is reflected in the dilemma of the interests of the countries in the Arctic region, and on the other hand, it is also reflected in the domain and in the region. The plight of the interests of the countries outside the country; third is the identity dilemma of China's participation, which is mainly manifested in China's multiple identification of the existing Arctic mechanism, which leads to the difficult position of the identity of participation and the dilemma of strategic choice brought about by the dilemma of identity positioning. China's participation in the North Pole affairs is the three path choice. This article will be developed in this paper. From the angle of view, the process of China's participation in Arctic affairs is divided into three stages: one is to hold a pragmatic approach to the near-term path of Arctic governance; two is to attach importance to foreign countries and seek a medium-term path for multiple cooperation; three is to promote the reform of the mechanism and to participate in the long term path of the construction of the system. According to China's participation in the early, mid-term, and forward stages of the Arctic three stages The different conditions of the section should be formulated to adapt to the path of participation. While seeking the identification of the Arctic Council, we will gradually strengthen cooperation with foreign countries, enhance the discourse power of the foreign countries in the Arctic affairs, and gradually promote the reform and improvement of the Arctic governance mechanism.

【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D993.5;D822.3

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