天朝意识与明清中国的朝贡外交

发布时间：2018-04-26 06:06

本文选题：中国政治与外交 + 朝贡体制　；参考：《国际政治研究》2017年01期

【摘要】：观念影响了明清时期的中国外交决策。明清中国通过朝贡体制来处理对外关系。朝贡体制的核心是不平等的等级关系,中国自视为天朝,是天下的共主,不承认存在与自己对等的势力,维持天朝的体面成为明清朝贡体制的底线。天朝意识限制了明清中国的外交选择,其中最重要的就是屏蔽了平等议和的可能性,由此深刻地影响了一些重大的外交决策。通过分析明代的和议、晚清与西方列强的交往可以发现,即使出现了势均力敌乃至比自己更为强大的外部势力,明清中国也拒绝放弃天朝的自我想象,极难接受对等的外交。天朝意识妨碍了冷静的战略思考与明智的外交决策,使中国陷入进退失据的境地。从结果上看,对于天朝地位与朝贡等级秩序的坚持损害了明清中国的安全与利益。
[Abstract]:The concept influenced China's diplomatic decisions during the Ming and Qing dynasties. In the Ming and Qing dynasties, China handled its foreign relations through the tributary system. The core of the tributary system is the unequal hierarchical relationship. China regards itself as the Chinese dynasty, is the common master of the world, does not recognize the existence of its own equivalent forces, and maintains the dignity of the Chinese dynasty as the bottom line of the tributary system in the Ming and Qing dynasties. The Chinese consciousness restricted China's diplomatic choices in Ming and Qing dynasties, the most important of which was to shield the possibility of equal negotiation, which profoundly affected some important diplomatic decisions. Through the analysis of the peace talks between the Ming Dynasty and the Western powers, it can be found that even if there were even enemies and even more powerful external forces than themselves, the Ming and Qing China refused to give up the self-imagination of the Chinese dynasty, and it was extremely difficult to accept the reciprocal diplomacy. Chinese consciousness hindered calm strategic thinking and wise diplomatic decisions, and put China in a state of loss. As a result, China's security and interests were damaged by the persistence of the status of the Chinese dynasty and the tributary hierarchy.
【作者单位】：中国海洋大学法政学院;
【基金】：全国博士后基金“清代沿海厅制与海疆管理研究”(项目号:2015M572078) 教育部人文社会科学青年项目“清代地方厅制与边疆治理研究”(项目号:15YJCZH172) 中国海洋大学青年教师科研专项基金“海路与陆路:16—18世纪中外火器交流研究”(项目号:201613011)的资助
【分类号】：D829

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