从抗击2014年西非埃博拉疫情比较中美全球卫生外交

发布时间：2018-05-01 23:33

本文选题：全球卫生 + 全球卫生外交　；参考：《北京外国语大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：21世纪以来,随着非典型肺炎(SARS)、甲流(H1N1)、埃博拉(Ebola)等传染病在全球范围内的爆发,卫生问题逐渐成为国际社会的焦点之一。作为已有50余年对外卫生援助历史的大国以及负责任的世界第二大经济体,中国在全球卫生外交领域的发展无疑有着重要的作用。进入21世纪,中国的卫生外交从单边和双边为主的模式向多边方式不断扩展,已经成为了中国外交中不可或缺的一部分。然而,与西方发达国家相比,中国的全球卫生外交还处于起步阶段,在理念、制度、管理、人才培养等方面仍然具有较大的进步空间。2014年西非埃博拉疫情是一个标志性的全球公共卫生事件。对比中美两国在此轮埃博拉疫情中和疫情后的应对行为能够衡量比对两国全球卫生外交能力。本文从卫生外交战略、机制、方式和综合国力角度,选择在全球卫生舞台上的新新援助国中国和传统援助国美国进行对比,能够有助于中国从美国的卫生外交发展历程中汲取经验,从而为中国定位自已"新型援助国"形象和建立"中国卫生外交模式"提供发展建议。在大多数现存研究着重宏观理论和政策的分析时,本文兼并对具体实践的梳理,以期将理论与实践相结合进行研究。此外,在现存埃博拉案例分析的研究大多将重心放在埃博拉爆发时期的全球卫生外交行为时,笔者结合疫情爆发中的应对和爆发后的卫生系统重建,以更全面的分析埃博拉疫情应对行为。经对比,在卫生外交战略方面,美国早在1994年就将传染病防控纳入《国家安全战略》中,并在之后多次进行完善和强化。中国到目前为止尚无国家全球卫生发展战略。在援非抗击埃博拉疫情中,中国对每轮援助均制定了对应的援助规划,但是并未发布整体的援非抗疫战略。美国则在2014年9月就由其总统宣布了应急响应措施,指导其整体的援非抗击埃博拉行动。在卫生外交机制方面,中国由于历史发展原因,援非抗击埃博拉事务由商务部负责,卫生部仅作为业务部门参与管理,且尚无类似美国发展署(USAID)这样的机构总协调发展项目,因此面临跨部门协作的壁垒。在卫生外交方式方面,中美两国都根据自身利益需求,灵活通过多边和双边方式开展全球卫生合作。然而,美国能够更充分的利用本国非政府组织以配合其卫生外交战略的实施,而目前中国的非政府组织的作用非常有限。在卫生外交综合能力方面,美国的实验室数目这一传染病防控核心指标多过中国。在援非抗击埃博拉疫情中,国际社会共投入了 26个移动实验室,其中9个来自美国,而中国只在塞拉利昂修建了一个固定实验室。在卫生外交人才培养这一应对能力的软实力方面,中国卫生外交人才培养起步较晚,2009年才联合外方开启第一个培训班。在对比和分析中美两国在2014年西非埃博拉疫情应对行为的基础上,本文为中国全球卫生外交发展提出了六点发展建议。第一,中国应当尽快制定"中国全球卫生战略"。第二,中国应加强卫生部门在卫生外交领域的话语权,实质性强化卫生外交的跨部门合作,并积极考虑成立专门的对外援助机构。第三,中国应当探索出符合国情的非政府组织参与全球卫生治理模式。第四,中国应当提炼总结自身卫生发展经验,以非传统援助国形象提出全球卫生治理的"中国建议"。第五,中国应该在国际场合更多承担大国责任,在全球公共卫生治理认捐和国际特大自然灾害应急救治等事务上进一步献力献策。第六,中国应当尽快建立完善的卫生外交人才培养体制,组建卫生外交人才实习培养平台。
[Abstract]:Since twenty-first Century, with the outbreak of SARS, H1N1, Ebora (Ebola) and other infectious diseases around the world, health problems have gradually become one of the focus of the international community. As a big country with the history of foreign health assistance for more than 50 years and the second largest economy in the responsible world, China has been in the global health diplomacy field. China's health diplomacy has become an indispensable part of China's diplomacy in twenty-first Century. China's health diplomacy has become an indispensable part of China's diplomacy. However, compared with developed countries in the west, China's global health diplomacy is still in its infancy, in concept, system, management, and talent. In.2014, the West African Ebola epidemic is a landmark global public health event. Compared to China and the United States in this round of Ebola and after the epidemic, the response of the two countries can be measured and compared to the two countries' global health diplomacy ability. This article from the health diplomacy strategy, mechanism, mode and comprehensive country. The contrast between China and the United States of the traditional aid countries on the global health stage can help China draw lessons from the development of health diplomacy in the United States, so as to provide a development proposal for China to locate its "new aid country" image and to establish a "Chinese health student diplomatic model". Focusing on the analysis of macro theory and policy, this paper combs the specific practice in order to combine theory with practice. In addition, most of the existing Ebola case studies will focus on the global health diplomacy during the outbreak of Ebola, and the author combines the response and the outbreak of the outbreak in the outbreak of the health diplomacy. By contrast, in the health diplomacy strategy, the United States had incorporated infectious disease prevention and control into the national security strategy in 1994 and had been improved and strengthened many times in the aftermath of the 1994. In the situation, China developed a corresponding aid plan for each round of aid, but it did not release the overall anti epidemic strategy. In September 2014, the United States announced the emergency response measures by its president to guide its overall assistance to anti Ebola action. In the health diplomacy mechanism, China helped non abbo because of historical development. The Ministry of commerce is responsible for the affairs of the Ministry of Commerce. The Ministry of health is only involved in management as a business sector, and there is no general coordinated development project like the United States Development Agency (USAID), and therefore faces barriers to cross sectoral collaboration. In the way of health diplomacy, both China and the United States are flexible through multilateral and bilateral ways to carry out global security in accordance with their own interests. However, the United States is able to make more full use of national non-governmental organizations to cooperate with its health diplomacy strategy, while the role of non-governmental organizations in China is very limited. In terms of comprehensive health diplomacy, the number of laboratories in the United States is more than China's core indicators of infectious disease prevention and control. The international community has invested 26 mobile laboratories, of which 9 are from the United States and China has built only a fixed laboratory in Sierra Leone. In terms of the soft power of health diplomats to cultivate this ability, Chinese health diplomats started a late start in 2009. In 2009, the first training class was opened by the foreign side. Based on the analysis of China and the United States' response to the Ebola epidemic in 2014, this paper puts forward six suggestions for the development of China's global health diplomacy. First, China should formulate a "China global health strategy" as soon as possible. Second, China should strengthen the voice of the health sector in the field of sanitation and strengthen health diplomacy substantially. Cross sectoral cooperation, and actively consider the establishment of special foreign aid agencies. Third, China should explore the participation of non-governmental organizations in line with national conditions to participate in the global health governance model. Fourth, China should refine and summarize its own health development experience, and put forward the "China proposal" for the whole ball health management with the image of non-traditional donors. Fifth, China should In the international situation, more responsibilities are undertaken by the great powers, and further efforts are made in the global public health governance pledges and the emergency treatment of international catastrophic natural disasters. Sixth, China should establish a perfect health diplomacy training system as soon as possible and set up an internship training platform for health diplomats.

【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：R512.8;D822.3;D871.2

【参考文献】