社会性别视角下的老年福利供给分析

发布时间：2018-05-15 21:43

本文选题：老年福利 + 社会性别　；参考：《山东大学》2015年硕士论文

【摘要】：人口老龄化、高龄化对我国老年福利供给带来一系列新的要求和挑战。当人口老龄化的快速发展与家庭结构变化新特征——小型化、空巢化相互作用,再与我国经济和社会转轨的关键时期重叠,产生的快速增长的社会养老需求和老年福利供给水平相对滞后的矛盾将更加凸显。在这样的背景下,我国逐渐进行老年福利供给制度的改革与调试,但是改革过程中,却出现福利水平整体提升的情况下老年女性贫困现象频现,女性贫困化、贫困女性化特征显著。如何认识和分析这一现象,社会性别理论提供了一个认识和分析这种现象与特征的有力视角和分析工具。社会性别理论是分析男女两性社会关系的一种重要理论范式,它要求人在观察、分析和处理事务的过程中,关注到不同性别群体的不同的处境、利益和权利关系,从而进一步采取措施促进不平等状况的改进,推进两性受益的均衡。社会性别分析有助于发现现有制度的性别盲点,把社会性别意识纳入老年福利供给的制度设计中。在中国老年福利制度改革过程中,我们要重视社会性别对老年福利供给制度的影响,这有助于老年福利供给制度研究领域的扩展。本文在对我国老年福利供给现状梳理和认识的基础上,总结中国老年福利供给模式的变迁,并对相关的供给制度进行列举和评介,进而应用社会性别视角审视和分析老年福利供给的四大方面。具体的思路演进如下：从现状来看,我国老年福利供给整体上还停留在比较低的保障水平。收入和医疗方面主要依托于相应的社会保险即养老保险和医疗保险,生活照料和精神慰藉方面制度性的供给还比较欠缺,主要依托于家庭和社区自发的供给,政府主要是倡导、引导的角色,地区差异大。从纵向历史发展来看,从政府到单位再到社会化的供给是我国老年福利整体的一个发展态势,但这些制度主要是建立在正式劳动关系基础上的,我国农村长期以来更多依靠的是自我和家庭供给,如今新的改革举措正在努力弥合这一差距。但是,从社会性别视角来看,我国老年福利供给整体上仍然是缺乏性别意识的、忽视性别视角的。制度的设计没有考虑男女两性的需求差异,也缺乏对于既存的性别不平等的充分认识,自然也就忽视了政策对于两性造成的受益差别,造成事实上女性利益相对受损。要缩小性别差距,促进性别公平,就必须将性别意识纳入老年福利供给的制度建设中,从供给主体、供给客体、供给内容和供给方式等多要素全方面促进性别公平事实推进。实现将社会性别意识纳入老年福利供给机制中,促进两性受益均衡,是一个需要耗费一定时间的历史过程。这个过程不仅需要女性研究者的呼吁与探索,社会性别主流化的推进,更需要政府、市场、社区、家庭以及每一个公民的社会性别意识的培养和行动上各个主体形成合力。
[Abstract]:Aging population, aging brings a series of new requirements and challenges to the elderly welfare supply in China. When the rapid development of population aging and the new characteristics of family structure change-miniaturization, empty nesting interaction, and then overlap with the key period of China's economic and social transition, The contradiction between the rapid growth of social demand for the aged and the level of old-age welfare supply will be more prominent. In this context, China is gradually carrying out the reform and debugging of the welfare supply system for the elderly, but in the process of reform, the phenomenon of poverty among the elderly women appears frequently and the poverty of the women becomes more and more frequent when the overall level of welfare is raised. The feminization of poverty is marked. How to understand and analyze this phenomenon, gender theory provides a powerful perspective and analysis tool to understand and analyze the phenomenon and characteristics. Gender theory is an important theoretical paradigm for the analysis of social relations between men and women. It requires people to pay attention to the different situations, interests and rights of different gender groups in the process of observing, analyzing and handling affairs. Further measures will be taken to improve inequality and promote gender balance. Gender analysis is helpful to find out the gender blind spot of the existing system and to incorporate gender consciousness into the system design of the old age welfare supply. In the course of the reform of the elderly welfare system in China, we should pay attention to the influence of gender on the elderly welfare supply system, which is helpful to the expansion of the research field of the elderly welfare supply system. On the basis of combing and understanding the present situation of the welfare supply for the elderly in China, this paper summarizes the changes of the supply mode of the welfare for the elderly in China, and enumerates and reviews the relevant supply systems. Then apply the gender perspective to examine and analyze the four aspects of the elderly welfare supply. The specific ideas are as follows: from the current situation, the elderly welfare supply in China as a whole remains at a relatively low level of security. Income and medical care mainly depend on the corresponding social insurance, that is, old-age insurance and medical insurance. The institutional supply of life care and spiritual comfort is still relatively deficient, mainly relying on the spontaneous supply of families and communities. The government mainly advocates. The role of guidance varies greatly from region to region. From the perspective of vertical historical development, the supply from the government to the unit to the socialization is a development trend of the elderly welfare in our country as a whole, but these systems are mainly based on the formal labor relations. China's rural areas have long relied more on self-supply and family supply, but new reforms are trying to close the gap. However, from the perspective of gender, the supply of elderly welfare in China as a whole is still lack of gender awareness, ignoring the gender perspective. The design of the system does not take into account the difference between the needs of men and women and the lack of a full understanding of the existing gender inequality, which naturally ignores the difference in the benefits of policies for both sexes, resulting in the fact that the interests of women are relatively damaged. In order to narrow the gender gap and promote gender equity, we must bring gender consciousness into the system construction of the elderly welfare supply, and promote the fact of gender equity from the aspects of the supply subject, the supply object, the supply content and the supply mode and so on. It is a time-consuming historical process to bring gender consciousness into the mechanism of providing welfare for the elderly and to promote the balance of benefits between the two sexes. This process requires not only the appeal and exploration of female researchers, the promotion of gender mainstreaming, but also the concerted efforts of various subjects in the training and action of gender awareness of government, market, community, family and every citizen.
【学位授予单位】：山东大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D669.6

【参考文献】