东南亚国家联盟对气候变化，人权，恐怖主义问题的应对：理解双轨进程的作用

发布时间：2018-05-30 21:54

  本文选题：东南亚国家联盟 + 气候变化　； 参考：《吉林大学》2016年博士论文

【摘要】：安全是生存的首要条件,是一个国家在国际政治中最有价值的奋斗目标。为此人们总是谋求应对某些风险,或在自助,与其他国家合作/同盟这两种能被国家接受的主要对策中作出选择。其中一些因素例如实际情况的系统性变化,国家在国际体系中的地位和角色的变化,以及国家身份的实体性和非实体性特点都对国家制定决策有着决定性影响。然而国家面临着越来越多的,由于持续不断地全球化进程带来的非传统性安全威胁,“全方位安全”已经取代了“安全”成为国家追求的最终目标。国家的选择因为威胁性质和最终目标的变化而发生改变,从这个意义上讲,国际行为体之间的合作的意义已经得到了加强。一些具有跨国和国际联合性质的新兴问题迫使各国,尤其是那些面临相似处境和问题的国家在处理有限制性因素的非传统性安全问题时,比起自己解决问题更愿意选择合作。因此,正如国家间的合作集团和地区组织普遍存在所显示的那样,当今地区性和国际性的合作屡见不鲜。但需要注意的是,因为普遍的,传统性安全问题依旧存在,所有的国家都没有给予应对非传统性安全合作以同等重视。在此情况下,如果国家行为体主要利用双轨进程的渠道,并且非国家行为体能联合并且做出共同决策,那么非国家行为体(非国家行为体在主流的国际关系讨论中被认为是微不足道的)也许会发挥关键作用。这篇论文集中讨论的恰恰是双轨进程/行为体在应对非传统安全问题上促进国家间较大规模合作中的作用。尤其是以在非传统安全领域增加合作的例证地区之一的东南亚地区的机构——东南亚国家联盟(ASEAN)为例证。这个地区容易遭受非传统安全的威胁,因在地区和国际上的人权困境,气候变化的灾难和加剧的恐怖主义受到广泛地关注。从传统上来讲,东南亚国家联盟具有高度的敏感性,国家间合作会被当作是损害国家主权和违反不干涉原则的事情,既不可行,也不受到鼓励,这构成了以东南亚地方为基础的基本规范框架——东南亚国家联盟方式。但是这个趋势有所改变,东南亚国家在非传统安全问题上采取集体行动变得可能,尤其是在金融危机之时,有效地,多维地,可持续的地区一体化需求得到了国家的理解。东盟国家面临着三个相似的问题:即人权,气候变化和恐怖主义。这三个问题在本质上说都是非军事性的,跨国性的,并且都对地区安全形成了严重威胁。东盟的非核心成员国同样面临人类安全问题的挑战,都不得不克服相似的障碍(即东盟国家方式),才能在以上三个问题上取得进展。9·11恐怖袭击之后东盟国家迫切需要采取集体行动,但根据观察报告的显示,东盟国家在应对人权和气候变化上的政治合作取得的成效与应对恐怖主义相比更加成功。因此东盟在类似的背景和情况下对这三个类似问题所作出的不同回应为本研究提供了基本的论题。本文将探讨东盟为什么对前两个而非第三个问题做出了更有效的应对。主要的研究课题是为什么在东盟采取的应对政策和倡议(表现为在东南亚的区域合作)之中,尤其是这三个问题都同样突出并且都需要采取应急性的集体行动之时,东盟在应对人权和气候变化问题的上所采取的手段比起相对无效的反恐工作更加成功。初步的调查和相关的著作评论显示双轨行为体在推动人权事业发展的过程中扮演了不可替代的角色,根据这个线索可以提出一个假设,即这种现象是东盟国家多样化的反映。进一步的研究为双轨行为体/进程在这三个问题上的不同表现是因为东盟应对这三个问题上的差异的论据提供了有效的支撑。国际——地区性的双轨进程在处理人权事业和气候变化上比应对恐怖主义投入了更多的精力,因此在东盟内部,在应对人权和气候变化的工作有助于构建更好的制度。它们积极的参与完善了东盟的工作,与相对低效的反恐政策相比,它们会帮助东盟以更协调,更全面的方式来处理前两个问题。对特殊地区双轨进程的话语分析(其官方行动,声明,公告和建议)验证了关于这三个机构的论断:东盟战略与国际研究所(asean-isis)网络,东盟人民议会(apa)和东盟公民社会联盟(acsc)。当阅读这些文献的时候必须考虑限定范围,首先,它涉及的是东盟层次上的决策,而不是成员国的决策,所以它谈论的重点是国家间建立的共识而不是国家内部性质的。其次,现在研究带来的影响是东盟为积极应对三个问题而提出的决策和方案,是经过所有成员协商并达成的协议,但是此决策所产生的影响,实际的执行情况和后来的效果不在此研究范围之内。最后同样重要的是这项研究适用于国际关系中的国家中立属性,尤其适用于东南亚地区。这项研究并不认为双轨进程是制定国家对策的主要因素。相反,在相似事例和可比较的情境下,它们起到了中间变量和催化剂的作用,扮演积极或消极的角色也许会导致不同的回应。由ernstb.hass提出的,经过johnruggie和peterhaas发展的知识群体概念(ecs)为此研究提供理论上的解释。这个观念在国际关系领域强调理念作用的建构主义学派内部受到广泛地赞扬。知识群体是通过其信息功能来影响官方决策的非政府途径或专家团队。接下来论文的导论部分详细叙述了研究的理论基础、论据和研究方法,并且对知识群体进行了探讨。第一章的标题是“将双轨进程概念化为知识群体”,为进一步的讨论提供参考性的理论框架,详细地叙述了知识群体的概念,产生,演变以及与国际关系的联系,接下来通过对双轨进程的简要解析,说明它们在国际关系话语中的作用和地位以及它们是如何被理解为知识群体的。文章结合了两个概念来展示为什么可以用知识群体理论来解释非政府行为体在这项研究中的作用,在现有的论述中这种研究大有用途。第二部分的标题为“全方位安全时代的东南亚和东盟的演变”,讨论了通常意义上的地区合作重要性以及在全方位安全时代,尤其在东南亚加强地区合作的重要性。第一部分解释了非传统安全问题与日俱增的重要影响,帮助各国克服过分关注传统/军事安全的藩篱,使其平等对待传统和非传统安全问题。非传统安全的非国家产生的属性和跨国属性减少了国家单独应对的实效性,尤其是在同一地区拥有相似的利益关切,又在地理上相近的国家,合作将是一个更明智的选择,东盟就是一个典型的例子。第二部分通过提及东盟制度的适应性和灵活性使得它可以通过机构整合和分层次方法来维持自身发展,解释了东盟制度上的成功。东盟对自己进行完善,拓宽了自身涵盖的范围,因此保留了与动态环境和变化中的战略需要的关联性。本章节的结尾对东盟面临的各种复杂且相互关联的非传统性挑战进行了简要叙述。第三章是前一章的延续,讨论了“东盟共同体的思想”,即东盟顺应过程的下一步骤。它不是单纯地按时间顺序对事件进行叙述,而是直接关系到本论文的主题,即第二部分的标题“为双轨现象创造空间”。虽然双轨行为体在这之前就已经存在了,是在实现其存在和贡献的基础之上加强参与并建立一个东盟共同体的建议。第一部分描述了东盟共同体的三大支柱的蓝图,即东盟政治安全共同体(apsc),东盟经济共同体(aec)和东盟社会文化共同体(ascc),以人而非以国家为中心共同构建起东盟。第二部分解释了这项研究的重点,即东盟战略与国际研究所(asean-isis)网络,东盟人民议会(apa)和东盟公民社会联盟(acsc)这三个双轨进程的产生和发展。结下来是最后一部分,为了影响国家政策的制定,通过区分每个双轨行为体/进程与单轨的联系来说明知识群体的作用。第四部分为这三个问题中的第一个问题提供了详细的解析,探讨了东盟对谁做出了回应。此部分的题目是“双轨渠道在推动地区人权管理体制中的作用”,谈到了东盟在推广和保护人权方面的工作是缓慢但富有实质性地成效的。在对人权及其重要性进行简要介绍之后,本段的第一部分详细说明了在东南亚存在重大的侵犯和违反人权现象而导致国际关注和对东盟的指责批评。第二部分概述了东盟在人权领域取得的主要成就,说明了联盟是如何在保持东盟方式的完整性和不变性的同时,又设法达成共识,并在一个富有争议性的问题上取得进展的。最后一部分是对双轨进程在推动东盟人权事业的作用中的详细叙述,对这三个双轨进程对东亚人权事业的直接推动作用做出了话语分析,以此来说明双轨进程作为催化剂加速了东盟人权制度化的进程。第五部分的标题是“对气候变化的挑战和双轨动力的地区性回应”。如标题所示,倒数第二部分谈论了东盟有效地适应气候变化所带来的跨国挑战,以及双轨行为体是如何参与到其中的。在对全球性气候变化问题的一个概述之后,接下来第一部分论述了气候变化挑战以及其在东南亚特殊语境中的含义。探讨了该地区的气候变化的脆弱性和迫切需要更大的内部以及区域间合作的关键因素。第二部分叙述了在此问题上东盟内部的合作范围,通过概括成员国经过努力和主动担负起制定长远战略的任务来应对气候变化带来的负面影响。最后一部分研究并分析了这三个双轨行为体在东盟面对此问题时,用凝聚共识,采取共同对策的方法来鼓励东盟的作用。三个双轨行为体的叙述显示了对气候变化严重性的高度关注,并且通过对双轨的论述来呼吁东盟对此作出适当的反应。如果任由气候变化问题发展的话,会给所有人带来同样的痛苦。因此要通过这些组织的更大努力来帮助克服东盟的成员的分歧以及他们的集体脆弱性。最后一段题目是“双轨进程在东盟反恐运动中微乎其微的作用”,第一部分讨论了东南亚一直存在的恐怖主义以及东南亚国家的长期合作关系。同时指出各国对恐怖主义的认知经常传统意义上理解,仅仅局限于国内的范围,而不是将其作为一个国际性问题来看待。第二部分论述了9·11事件之后恐怖主义是如何成为全球宏观安全问题的,不久之后东南亚被贴上了“反恐行动的第二战场”的标签。就像一开始的口头承诺和集体对策一样,东盟成员国需要国家间进行合作,因此不得不将恐怖主义视为跨国问题而非地区性问题。尽管东盟国家迫切需要集体行动,但东盟层次上的集体行动成效是有限的;在此章节的下一部分将会详尽地探讨双轨行为体作用的局限性是造成反恐工作无为和乏力的原因。前面已经提到了双轨活动的话语分析,这次描述出他们对确保反恐的区域合作做出了更少的承诺。非政府行为体在东盟有关恐怖主义的问题上的弱化甚至毫无用途已成为导致东盟政策不连贯的主要因素。与对其他两个问题的积极应对的政策相比,造成这种现象的原因是竭力并且系统地推动其产生的双轨行为体。最后一部分的结论总结了本研究的成果。在篇章分析中已经证明了双轨行为体在处理人权和气候变化问题时要比处理恐怖问题更有活力的论断,这反过来又对东盟优先解决问题的次序产生影响。这篇论文有助于论述双轨进程在国际关系中的作用,尤其是在东南亚地区区域性合作中的作用。尤其是在东盟共同体这一概念出现之后,双轨进程在东南亚地区面对非传统性安全问题确保达成共识,采取联合行动的过程中起到了重要作用。这是一项对东盟应对恐怖问题或者其他孤立性问题的研究,其他因素将获得同等的,甚至详尽的解释。但因为这项研究比较的是对三个问题的对策,因此双轨进程的不同作用有着重大的意义。然而此项研究无意用任何方式挑战国际关系中的国家中心论属性以及在区域内制定决策的主流观点。此研究唯一可能产生的作用是详细论述了非国家行为体也许会对国家制政策的过程起到补充的作用。
[Abstract]:Security is the primary condition for survival and the most valuable goal of a country in international politics. To this end, people always seek to respond to certain risks, or to choose among the two major countermeasures that can be accepted by other countries. Some of them, such as the systematic changes in the actual situation, are in the state. The changes in the status and role of the international system, as well as the physical and non substantive characteristics of the national identity have a decisive impact on the decision-making of the state. However, the country is facing more and more non traditional security threats caused by the continuous process of globalization, and "all directional security" has replaced "security". In this sense, the significance of cooperation between international actors has been strengthened. Some emerging issues of transnational and international joint nature have forced countries, especially those who face similar situations and problems, in the sense of the change in the nature of the threat and the change of the ultimate goal. The state is more willing to choose cooperation than solving the problem of non traditional security with restrictive factors. So, as the common state cooperation group and regional organization generally show, the current regional and international cooperation is common, but it is necessary to pay attention to the common, traditional security questions. The problem still exists, and all countries do not give equal attention to non traditional security cooperation. In this case, non state actors (non state actors are in the mainstream of international relations discussion) if the state actors mainly use the channels of the dual track process, and the non state behavior can combine and make common decisions. This paper focuses on the role of the dual track process / actor in promoting large scale cooperation between countries in dealing with non-traditional security issues, especially in Southeast Asia, one of the areas in which cooperation is increased in the area of non-traditional security. The association of South Asian countries (ASEAN) is a case in point. This region is vulnerable to non-traditional security threats, as a result of the widespread concern about regional and international human rights plight, climate change disasters and intensified terrorism. Traditionally, the association of Southeast Asian Nations is highly sensitive, and inter state cooperation will be treated as a damage to the state. Sovereignty and violations of the principle of non intervention are neither feasible nor encouraged, which constitute the basic normative framework of Southeast Asia, the ASEAN Way. However, this trend has changed, and it is possible for Southeast Asian countries to take collective action on non-traditional security issues, especially in the financial crisis. At the time, effective, multidimensional, sustainable regional integration needs have been understood by the state. The ASEAN countries face three similar problems: human rights, climate change and terrorism. These three issues are essentially non military, transnational, and are serious threats to regional security. The non core members of ASEAN are the non core members of ASEAN. The country is also faced with the challenge of human security and has to overcome similar obstacles (i.e., the ASEAN country) in order to achieve the urgent need for collective action by the ASEAN countries after the.9 11 terrorist attacks on the above three issues, but according to the observation report, the east alliance countries are in the political response to human rights and climate change. The results have been more successful than dealing with terrorism. Therefore, the different responses of ASEAN to the three similar issues in a similar context and circumstances provide a basic topic for this study. This article will discuss why ASEAN has made a more effective response to the first two rather than third issues. It is why ASEAN has been more successful in dealing with the problems of human rights and climate change than the relatively invalid counter-terrorism work, especially when these three issues are equally prominent and need to take acute collective action, especially in the area of regional cooperation in Southeast Asia. Preliminary investigations and related work reviews show that the dual track actor plays an irreplaceable role in promoting the development of human rights. Based on this clue, a hypothesis is proposed that this phenomenon is a reflection of the diversity of ASEAN countries. Further research is the different table of the three issues. It is because ASEAN has provided an effective support for the arguments on the differences between the three issues. The International - regional dual track process has invested more energy in dealing with the cause of human rights and climate change than dealing with terrorism. Therefore, in ASEAN, the work of dealing with human rights and climate change helps to build a better system. They are actively involved in improving ASEAN's work, and they will help ASEAN deal with the first two issues in a more coordinated and comprehensive way compared to the relatively low efficiency counter-terrorism policies. The discourse analysis of the dual track process in special areas (its official actions, statements, announcements and recommendations) verifies the argument about the three institutions: the ASEAN strategy and the ASEAN strategy. The International Institute of research (ASEAN-ISIS) network, the ASEAN people's parliament (APA) and the ASEAN civil society Union (ACSC) must consider the limits when reading these documents. First, it involves decision-making on the ASEAN level, not the decision of the member countries, so it focuses on the consensus established between the States, not the internal nature of the country. Secondly, the impact of the present study is the decision and the plan proposed by ASEAN to actively respond to the three issues, which are negotiated and reached by all members, but the impact of the decision, the actual implementation and the subsequent effects are not within the scope of the study. Finally, it is also important that the study be applicable to the country. The national neutrality in the interrelationship is especially suitable for Southeast Asia. This study does not consider the double track process as the main factor in formulating national countermeasures. On the contrary, they play the role of intermediate variables and catalysts in similar cases and comparable situations, and may lead to different responses. Rnstb.hass proposed that the knowledge group concept (ECS) developed through the johnruggie and peterhaas provides a theoretical explanation for this study. This concept is widely praised within the constructivist school that emphasizes the role of ideas in the field of international relations. The knowledge group is a non-governmental way or specialist to influence official decision-making through its information function. The following part of the paper describes the theoretical basis, the argument and the method of the study, and discusses the knowledge group. The first chapter is the title of "conceptualizing the double track process into a knowledge group", providing a reference theoretical framework for further discussion, and describing the concept of the knowledge group in detail. The relationship between birth, evolution and international relations is followed by a brief analysis of the double track process, which illustrates their role and position in the discourse of international relations and how they are understood as knowledge groups. The article combines two concepts to demonstrate why non-governmental actors can be explained by the knowledge group theory. The role of the study is of great use in the existing discussion. The second part is entitled "the evolution of Southeast Asia and ASEAN in the era of omni-directional security", and discusses the importance of regional cooperation in the general sense and the importance of cooperation in the era of omni-directional security, especially in the strong region of Southeast Asia. The increasing and increasing impact of traditional security issues helps countries overcome overly concerned barriers to traditional / military security so that they treat both traditional and non-traditional security issues. Non national and non national attributes and transnational attributes reduce the effectiveness of the country's individual response, especially in the same region. ASEAN is a more sensible choice, and ASEAN is a more typical example. The second part, by referring to the adaptability and flexibility of the ASEAN system, enables it to maintain its own development through institutional integration and hierarchical methods, explaining the success of the ASEAN system. The end of this chapter gives a brief account of the various complex and interrelated challenges facing ASEAN. The third chapter is the continuation of the previous chapter and the "ASEAN community thought", that is, ASEAN adaptation. The next step of the process. It does not simply describe the event in chronological order, but is directly related to the theme of the paper, the title of the second part, "creating space for the double track phenomenon". Although the dual track actor has existed before this, it is to strengthen participation and build a new one on the basis of its existence and contribution. The first part of the ASEAN Community describes the blueprints of the three pillars of the ASEAN community, namely, the ASEAN political security community (APSC), the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) and the ASEAN socio cultural community (ASCC). The second part explains the focus of the study, namely, the ASEAN strategy and the ASEAN strategy. The emergence and development of the three dual track processes of the International Institute of research (ASEAN-ISIS), the ASEAN people's parliament (APA) and the ASEAN civil society Union (ACSC) are the last part. In order to influence the formulation of national policies, the role of the knowledge group is illustrated by the distinction between each dual track actor / process and the monorail. The fourth part is this The first of the three questions provides a detailed analysis of the response of ASEAN to whom the topic is "the role of the dual channel in promoting the regional human rights management system", and talks about the slow but substantial effect of ASEAN on the promotion and protection of human rights. In the case of human rights and its importance After a brief introduction, the first part of this paragraph details the international concern and the criticism and criticism of ASEAN in Southeast Asia. The second part outlines the main achievements of ASEAN in the field of human rights, and illustrates how the alliance is maintaining the integrity and invariability of the ASEAN Way. At the same time, it tries to reach consensus and make progress on a controversial issue. The last part is a detailed account of the role of the dual track process in promoting the cause of human rights in ASEAN, and has made a discourse analysis on the direct role of the three track process on the cause of human rights in East Asia, in order to illustrate the double track process as an example. The catalyst accelerated the process of the institutionalization of human rights in ASEAN. The fifth part was entitled "the challenges of climate change and the regional response to dual track dynamics". As shown in the title, the second part of the reciprocal talks about the transnational challenges of ASEAN's effective adaptation to climate change, and how the dual track actor is involved in it. After an overview of the issue of sexual climate change, the first part discusses the challenges of climate change and its implications in the special context of Southeast Asia. It explores the vulnerability of climate change and the urgent need for greater internal and inter regional cooperation in the region. The second part describes the interior of ASEAN on this issue. The scope of cooperation is to deal with the negative effects of climate change by summarizing member countries' efforts and taking the initiative to formulate long-term strategies. The last part studies and analyzes the three dual track actors to encourage ASEAN's role in ASEAN with a consensus and a common strategy in the face of ASEAN in the face of this problem. Three pairs of dual track actors are used to encourage the role of ASEAN. The narration of the rail actor shows a high degree of concern about the seriousness of climate change, and calls for ASEAN to do so by discussing the two tracks.
【学位授予单位】：吉林大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2016
【分类号】：D833;D815
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本文编号：1956957