英国对于移民社会经济影响的认知差异分析

发布时间：2018-06-20 20:16

本文选题：英国 + 移民问题　；参考：《北京外国语大学》2017年硕士论文

【摘要】：移民是全球化时代人类社会的重要特征,移民现象促进了生产要素的流动,有利于文化的传播和交流。近年来,区域一体化深入发展,社会经济逐渐繁荣的欧洲却越来越受到大量外来移民的困扰,移民问题也成为了政策领域中的重要议题。英国的移民问题具有典型性,在欧盟东扩带来的大量中东欧移民、西亚北非动荡催生的难民危机、欧洲主权债务危机与民族极端主义等非传统安全问题的多重影响下,英国的社会治理经受了严峻考验。曾经拥有庞大海外殖民地、信奉多元文化主义的英国历史上经历了由移民输出国向移民接收国的转变。英国社会对于外来移民的态度和认知也经历了由开放包容,到矛盾激化的过程。外来移民给英国社会带来了一系列问题,增加了公共服务体系的压力,冲击了英国的劳动力市场,冲击了社会主流文化。对于以上现象,英国社会与移民政策制定者即英国政府的认知存在鲜明的认知差异。而这种认知差异通过社会舆论、公共辩论与政策制定的互动,塑造着英国移民政策的发展与移民问题的现实。本研究的问题是:外来移民对英国社会的影响是积极还是消极的?英国社会对这一问题的看法如何?两者间是否存在主观印象与客观实际的认知差异?各认知主体间,即民众与政府对移民问题的看法存在怎样的主体间认知差异?由于外来移民对文化与安全的影响难以严格界定,本文希望以英国为例,研究外来移民对社会经济的影响,并从政治心理学视角探究英国移民认知差异的形成机制。政治心理学关注人的心理与社会现象的双向互动过程,在移民问题研究中引入政治心理学概念与方法,对阐释移民问题很有启发。本文首先从历史与政策研究视角,对英国社会对移民概念的认知与外来移民的现状进行了阐述。英国政府在不同情况下对移民的界定有所不同,民众对移民这一概念的看法就更为混乱,不同种类的民意调查与其结果的广泛传播加剧了这种混乱。以时间为线索缕析英国移民的数量和特征等属性也为研究奠定了事实基础。其次,本文通过对案例、民调数据与既有研究的归纳分析,对英国社会对移民问题的态度和认知进行探究。研究发现,英国民众对移民概念的认知很不准确,相当一部分民众对移民群体及其社会经济影响持有负面态度,且这种负面态度因认知主体特点的不同而有很大差异。结合对英国政府移民政策与思想的梳理可以推论:英国民众对经济发展的认知影响对移民的态度;移民政策的不断调整加剧了公众对移民认知差异的分化;民众对多元主义的认知差异正逐渐汇聚为民族主义的回潮;英国政府暂时难以平衡民众对移民政策的认知差异。随后,本文从财政、劳动力市场与政策模型三个方面对外来移民对英国的社会经济影响进行了具体分析。研究表明,英国社会夸大了外来移民对英国政府财政和劳动力市场的负面影响,且高移民水平长远来看对英国经济发展与劳动力结构有积极作用。最后,由于理性主义解释路径存在局限性,本研究在社会心理学视角下为英国移民问题中的认知差异的形成机制提供了三种解释路径:第一,社会认同理论认为,对移民群体的认知差异源于对移民这一群体的概念界定上的差异以及对本民族的认同感,这种认知差异以内群体偏好和外群体偏见为基础。英国社会对群体边界可透性,社会阶层流动性的认同程度不同也是形成偏见的重要原因。第二,族群冲突心理学认为,英国社会对外来移民社会经济影响的认知差异是一种族群偏见甚至歧视。这种歧视源于内群体与外群体的资源竞争关系被过分凸显和夸大,以及内群体内部的阶层分化。竞争和分化程度的加剧也将提高族群冲突的可能。第三,刻板印象的形成和固化是移民认知差异难以破解的重要原因。大众传媒对于刻板印象的形成和扭转都发挥着重要的作用。扭转刻板印象过程中出现的认知失调状态为消除偏见进一步设置了障碍。
[Abstract]:Immigration is an important feature of human society in the era of globalization. Immigrant phenomenon promotes the flow of production factors and is conducive to the communication and communication of culture. In recent years, regional integration has developed deeply, and the European economy is becoming more and more prosperous in Europe, which has been plagued by a large number of immigrants, and immigration has also become an important discussion in the field of policy. The British immigration problem is typical. In the eastern expansion of the European Union, the large numbers of Chinese and Eastern European immigrants, the refugee crisis in the North Africa and North Africa, the European sovereign debt crisis and the national extremism and other non-traditional security problems, the British social governance has experienced a severe test. The British history of multiculturalism has undergone a transition from the emigrant exporting country to the emigrant recipient country. The attitude and cognition of the British society to the immigrants have also experienced a process from open and inclusive to the intensification of contradictions. The immigrants brought a series of problems to the British society, increased the pressure of the public service system and impacted Britain. The labor market has impacted the mainstream of the social culture. For the above phenomenon, there is a distinct cognitive difference between the British society and the emigration policymaker, the British government. This cognitive difference creates the reality of the development of the British civil affairs policy and the reality of immigration through the interaction of public opinion, public debate and policy making. The question is: is the influence of immigrant to the British society positive or negative? How does the British society think about this problem? Is there a cognitive difference between the subjective impression and the objective reality between the two? The influence on culture and security is difficult to be strictly defined. This article is hoping to take Britain as an example to study the influence of immigrants on the social economy, and to explore the formation mechanism of the cognitive differences of British immigrants from the perspective of political psychology. Political psychology focuses on the two-way interaction between psychological and social phenomena, and introduces political hearts to the study of immigration issues. The concepts and methods of science are very enlightening to explain the problem of immigration. First, this paper, from the perspective of history and policy, expounds the cognition of the concept of immigration and the status of immigrants in the British society. The British government has different definitions of immigration under different circumstances, and the people's views on the concept of immigration are more chaotic and different. The variety of public opinion and the wide spread of its results have exacerbated this confusion. The time as the clue of the number and characteristics of British immigrants has also laid the foundation for the study. Secondly, this paper explores the attitude and cognition of British society on immigration issues through the case, the poll data and the existing research. The study found that the British people's perception of the concept of immigration is inaccurate, and a considerable number of people have a negative attitude towards the immigrant population and their social and economic effects, and this negative attitude varies greatly from the different characteristics of the cognitive subject. The cognition of development affects the attitude towards immigrants; the constant adjustment of immigration policy exacerbates the public's differentiation of migrant cognition; the cognitive difference of pluralism is gradually converging to a revival of nationalism; the British government is temporarily difficult to balance the cognitive differences between the people and the immigration policy. Three aspects of the policy model are made to analyze the social and economic impact of immigrants on Britain. The study shows that British society exaggerates the negative impact of immigrants on the British government's financial and labor market, and the high migration level has a positive effect on British economic development and the structure of labor force in the long run. Finally, the reason is due to the reason. In the perspective of social psychology, this study provides three ways to explain the formation mechanism of cognitive differences in British immigration problems in the perspective of social psychology: first, the theory of social identity believes that the cognitive differences between the immigrant groups are derived from the differences in the definition of the immigrant population and the sense of identity to the nation, On the basis of the differences of group preference within the cognitive differences and the prejudice of the group of external groups, the English society has an important reason for the discrimination of the group boundary permeability and the social stratum mobility. Second, the ethnic conflict psychology believes that the cognitive difference between the British society and the social and economic influence of the immigrants is a racial group bias or even the disproportionate difference. This discrimination is due to the excessive prominence and exaggeration of the resource competition relationship between the internal and external groups, as well as the stratum differentiation within the internal group. The intensification of competition and differentiation will also improve the possibility of ethnic conflict. Third, the formation and curing of stereotypes are the important reasons for the difficulty of solving the difference of migrant cognition. The formation and twisting of plate impressions play an important role. Reversing the cognitive maladjustment in the process of stereotype has further hindrance to the elimination of prejudice.
【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D756.1

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