国际关系舞台上的东方蘑菇云（1949-1972年）
发布时间：2018-07-26 08:28
【摘要】：大体而言,人类国际关系的发展大体可分为三个有更替、也有迭加的阶段:古代以自然关系为主的阶段,近代以经济关系为主的阶段和现代以技术关系为主的阶段。而技术作为人与外部世界相互作用的中介物,表现的也是某种关系。如果说,民用技术反映的是人与自然的关系,那么军事技术反映的则是人与人、集团与集团、国家与国家的关系。或者说,国际关系作为一种核心的外部要素对现代军事技术的发展具有决定性的影响,国际关系影响着军事技术的科研立项,影响着军事技术的研发进度,影响着军事技术的装备规模,影响着军事技术的作战应用。本文以中国核武器项目在1972年前的研发部署为案例,结合大量权威的官方文献、学术文本、口述史、回忆录及来自美国FRUS档案库、国家安全档案馆解密的美国国务院、国家安全委员会、参谋长联席会议、国防部和中央情报局等有关单位的历史情报档案,对1949年到1972年间中国核武器项目的发展受国际关系的需求牵引的情况进行分析。全文内容分六章展开,其中第二章至第五章为论文的主体部分,重点阐述了国际关系作为一种核心的外部要素对现代军事技术的发展具有决定性的影响这一命题,对于深化技术社会学理论研究,进一步总结我国核武器项目的历史经验均有一定的创新意义。第二章聚焦于中国核武器项目的上马与国际政治的关系,阐述了中国为什么会在经济落后和工业基础薄弱的社会历史条件下发展核武器的原因。研究认为,核时代的出现改变了中国决策者战略视野,国际安全环境催生了中国发展核武器的政治需求,国家身份的建构强化了中国发展核武器的心理动机,而技术的国际交流增强了中国研发核武器的技术可能。第三章探讨当时的冷战形势对中国核武器研发进度的影响,分析了美国的要挟与威胁、中苏核合作的中断以及中苏关系的破裂与中国在核武器领域的反应。研究认为,在这一时期,国际关系作为一种自变量影响了中国研发核武器的进度,一方面,国际关系的类型影响了核技术向中国的转移,国家间关系的转变延缓了中国原子弹的初期研发;而另一方面,国际政治形态成为了中国核武器项目推进的动力和约束力。从核武器的反向互动力的层面来说,这一时期中国的核武器计划影响了美国和苏联对中国的政策,核武器也成为了平衡三国关系的一种工具。国际政治上的关键性决策和事件对技术发展方向产生了重要影响,并反作用于国际关系。第四章从这一时期中国的核武器的装备规模出发,探讨中国在当时的政治条件下选择发展“适度”、“足够”核武库的原因。本章首先从这一时期3次标志性的核试验出发来分析中国进行有限核试验原因,然后从这一时期中国核导弹力量发展的具体情况来分析中国相对均势的威慑战略,最后探讨了中国的核装备对国际形态的影响。研究认为中国核武器的生产规模、装备类型、部署方式以及他国对中国核武库的认知与判断都受到国际政治互动以及国际战略态势的影响,同样中国核武器本身也是影响国际体系的驱动力。第五章则着眼于中国核武器的作战原则也就是中国核战略问题,从历史、现实以及中国对世界和平的整体责任三方面阐述自卫防御策略的产生、应用及其影响。研究认为,中国核战略的制定受到多重因素的影响,这些因素包括民族的战略传统、对国际政治形态的认识、国家身份的定位、国家形象的追求以及对本国在世界政治体制中发挥的影响和作用的认识。中国的核战略以防御和自卫为根本特征,也使得中国成为了维护国际核和平的积极力量。当然,马克思主义的科学技术观从来不是单一的决定论。国际关系作为一种核心要素影响着军事技术的发展,而军事技术反过来也影响国际关系。需求牵引与技术推动是动态发展的,也是相辅相成的。军事技术的立项、研发速度、装备规模以及作战应用都受到国际关系的影响,同时,这些军事技术也成为了影响国际政治体系变革的元素,影响了国家间的力量对比、安全态势和外交态度。正是在国际关系互动中升起的东方蘑菇云,提高了中国的国际地位,使中国以一种不再沉睡的雄狮形象重新矗立在国际关系的舞台上。
[Abstract]:In general, the development of human international relations can be roughly divided into three changes, as well as the stage of superposition: the stage in which the relationship is dominated by natural relations, the stage of modern economic relations and the stage of modern technology relations. And technology is the intermediary of the interaction between human and the external world, and it is also a kind of relationship. Civil technology reflects the relationship between man and nature, so military technology reflects the relationship between people and people, group and group, state and state. Or, as a core external factor, international relations have a decisive influence on the development of modern military technology. International relations affect the scientific research project of military technology and influence the development of military technology. The progress of the research and development of military technology affects the scale of military technology and the operational application of military technology. This paper takes the research and deployment of China's nuclear weapon project before 1972 as a case, combined with a large number of authoritative official documents, academic texts, oral history, memoirs, and the FRUS archives from the United States, and the national security archives. The State Department, the National Security Council, the Joint Chiefs of staff, the National Defense Department and the Central Intelligence Agency, and other relevant units, analyzed the situation of the development of China's nuclear weapons projects from 1949 to 1972 by the needs of international relations. The full text is divided into six chapters, of which second to fifth are the owners of the paper. In body part, it focuses on the proposition that international relations, as a core external factor, has a decisive influence on the development of modern military technology. It has a certain innovation significance for deepening the research on the theory of Technical Sociology and summarizing the historical experience of China's nuclear weapons projects. The second chapter focuses on China's nuclear weapons project. The reason why China will develop nuclear weapons under the social and historical conditions of backward economy and weak industrial base is the reason why China can develop nuclear weapons under the social and historical conditions of weak economic and industrial base. The psychological motivation of China's nuclear weapon development has been transformed, and the international exchange of technology has enhanced the technical possibility of developing nuclear weapons in China. The third chapter discusses the impact of the cold war situation on the progress of the development of China's nuclear weapons, analyzes the threat and threat of the United States, the interruption of Sino Soviet nuclear cooperation, the rupture of Sino Soviet relations and China's nuclear weapons collar. On the one hand, the type of international relations affects the transfer of nuclear technology to China, and the transformation of relations between countries postpones the initial development of China's atomic bomb; on the other hand, the international political form has become the core of China's nuclear weapon. In the context of the reverse interaction of nuclear weapons, the nuclear weapons program in this period affects the policy of the United States and the Soviet Union to China, and the nuclear weapons have also become a tool for balancing the relations of the Three Kingdoms. The key decisions and events in the international politics have produced an important direction for the development of technology. The fourth chapter, starting from the scale of China's nuclear weapons in this period, explores the reasons why China chose to develop "moderate" and "sufficient" nuclear arsenal under the political conditions at that time. This chapter first analyzes the reasons for the limited nuclear test in China from the 3 landmark nuclear tests in this period. From the specific situation of the development of China's nuclear missile strength in this period, the deterrent strategy of China's relative balance is analyzed. Finally, the influence of China's nuclear equipment on the international form is discussed. It is considered that the scale of production, the type of equipment, the mode of deployment and the cognition and judgment of China's nuclear arsenal are all subject to international politics. The interaction and the influence of the international strategic posture, as well as the Chinese nuclear weapons themselves, are also the driving forces of the international system. The fifth chapter focuses on China's nuclear weapon operational principles, which is the issue of China's nuclear strategy. From history, reality and China's overall responsibility for world peace, it expounds the emergence of self-defense strategies and its application and its application. The study believes that the formulation of China's nuclear strategy is affected by multiple factors, including the national strategic tradition, the understanding of the international political form, the positioning of the national identity, the pursuit of the national image, and the understanding of the impact and role of the country in the world political system. The fundamental characteristics also make China a positive force in the maintenance of international nuclear peace. Of course, the scientific and technological outlook of Marx is never a single determinism. International relations, as a core element, affect the development of military technology, and military technology in turn affects international relations. Demand traction and technological promotion are dynamic. The development of military technology, the speed of research and development, the scale of equipment and the operational application are affected by international relations. At the same time, these military technologies have also become elements that affect the change of the international political system, and affect the strength contrast, the security situation and the diplomatic attitude between countries. It is the promotion of international relations. The Oriental mushroom cloud has raised China's international status and made China stand on the stage of international relations with an image of a male lion who no longer sleeps.
【学位授予单位】：国防科学技术大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D819;E25
，
本文编号：2145436
[Abstract]:In general, the development of human international relations can be roughly divided into three changes, as well as the stage of superposition: the stage in which the relationship is dominated by natural relations, the stage of modern economic relations and the stage of modern technology relations. And technology is the intermediary of the interaction between human and the external world, and it is also a kind of relationship. Civil technology reflects the relationship between man and nature, so military technology reflects the relationship between people and people, group and group, state and state. Or, as a core external factor, international relations have a decisive influence on the development of modern military technology. International relations affect the scientific research project of military technology and influence the development of military technology. The progress of the research and development of military technology affects the scale of military technology and the operational application of military technology. This paper takes the research and deployment of China's nuclear weapon project before 1972 as a case, combined with a large number of authoritative official documents, academic texts, oral history, memoirs, and the FRUS archives from the United States, and the national security archives. The State Department, the National Security Council, the Joint Chiefs of staff, the National Defense Department and the Central Intelligence Agency, and other relevant units, analyzed the situation of the development of China's nuclear weapons projects from 1949 to 1972 by the needs of international relations. The full text is divided into six chapters, of which second to fifth are the owners of the paper. In body part, it focuses on the proposition that international relations, as a core external factor, has a decisive influence on the development of modern military technology. It has a certain innovation significance for deepening the research on the theory of Technical Sociology and summarizing the historical experience of China's nuclear weapons projects. The second chapter focuses on China's nuclear weapons project. The reason why China will develop nuclear weapons under the social and historical conditions of backward economy and weak industrial base is the reason why China can develop nuclear weapons under the social and historical conditions of weak economic and industrial base. The psychological motivation of China's nuclear weapon development has been transformed, and the international exchange of technology has enhanced the technical possibility of developing nuclear weapons in China. The third chapter discusses the impact of the cold war situation on the progress of the development of China's nuclear weapons, analyzes the threat and threat of the United States, the interruption of Sino Soviet nuclear cooperation, the rupture of Sino Soviet relations and China's nuclear weapons collar. On the one hand, the type of international relations affects the transfer of nuclear technology to China, and the transformation of relations between countries postpones the initial development of China's atomic bomb; on the other hand, the international political form has become the core of China's nuclear weapon. In the context of the reverse interaction of nuclear weapons, the nuclear weapons program in this period affects the policy of the United States and the Soviet Union to China, and the nuclear weapons have also become a tool for balancing the relations of the Three Kingdoms. The key decisions and events in the international politics have produced an important direction for the development of technology. The fourth chapter, starting from the scale of China's nuclear weapons in this period, explores the reasons why China chose to develop "moderate" and "sufficient" nuclear arsenal under the political conditions at that time. This chapter first analyzes the reasons for the limited nuclear test in China from the 3 landmark nuclear tests in this period. From the specific situation of the development of China's nuclear missile strength in this period, the deterrent strategy of China's relative balance is analyzed. Finally, the influence of China's nuclear equipment on the international form is discussed. It is considered that the scale of production, the type of equipment, the mode of deployment and the cognition and judgment of China's nuclear arsenal are all subject to international politics. The interaction and the influence of the international strategic posture, as well as the Chinese nuclear weapons themselves, are also the driving forces of the international system. The fifth chapter focuses on China's nuclear weapon operational principles, which is the issue of China's nuclear strategy. From history, reality and China's overall responsibility for world peace, it expounds the emergence of self-defense strategies and its application and its application. The study believes that the formulation of China's nuclear strategy is affected by multiple factors, including the national strategic tradition, the understanding of the international political form, the positioning of the national identity, the pursuit of the national image, and the understanding of the impact and role of the country in the world political system. The fundamental characteristics also make China a positive force in the maintenance of international nuclear peace. Of course, the scientific and technological outlook of Marx is never a single determinism. International relations, as a core element, affect the development of military technology, and military technology in turn affects international relations. Demand traction and technological promotion are dynamic. The development of military technology, the speed of research and development, the scale of equipment and the operational application are affected by international relations. At the same time, these military technologies have also become elements that affect the change of the international political system, and affect the strength contrast, the security situation and the diplomatic attitude between countries. It is the promotion of international relations. The Oriental mushroom cloud has raised China's international status and made China stand on the stage of international relations with an image of a male lion who no longer sleeps.
【学位授予单位】：国防科学技术大学
【学位级别】：博士
【学位授予年份】：2015
【分类号】：D819;E25
，
本文编号：2145436
本文链接：https://www.wllwen.com/shekelunwen/guojiguanxi/2145436.html
