哈萨克斯坦政党制度的现状与发展

发布时间：2018-08-23 08:30

【摘要】：哈萨克斯坦政党制度的发展是一个动态的流变过程。20世纪90年代初期,伴随着国家结构的重建,哈萨克斯坦国内各政党及社会团体如“雨后春笋”般涌现,哈国进入政党“战国时代”。独立初期,三权分立的国家政体选择、多党政治方向的确立均为哈国各政党进入议会进而在国家政治进程中能够“有所作为”提供了内生动力。25年来,哈萨克斯坦形成了“祖国之光”党主导下的多党制。从历史的维度看,政治制度的有效性与权威性是国家和社会生活正常发挥的必要前提条件。本文以哈萨克斯坦政党制度为研究对象,揭示哈国政党政治运作的内在逻辑及其特殊性,希冀为哈萨克斯坦政党制度研究作有益的尝试。本文认为,政党制度作为现代国家政治制度基本内容之一,在哈国历经25年的变迁,已经形成了多党制原则下的“祖国之光”党一党独大模式。这一政党制度模式的形成,离不开独立初期国家政治体制选择,更与哈国缔造者纳扎尔巴耶夫的执政模式和运筹帷幄直接相关,而且受制于哈国精英分化和各政治利益集团的博弈以及国内经济水平发展的影响。在哈萨克斯坦民主化进程中,虽然面临着政党制度发展的低态化、部落化及伊斯兰极端主义对世俗政权的威胁等诸多挑战,但其“一超多柔”的政党格局已经形成,政党联盟化将是哈萨克斯坦政党制度发展的主流,政党与威权政治的博弈会促进民主的发展,亦是影响政权交接重要因子。哈萨克斯坦政党制度的演进历程有其独特的轨迹,无论是身枷苏联“政治胎记”的制度惯性,还是纳扎尔巴耶夫独到的运筹帷幄,都已将哈国塑造成现在“祖国之光”党权倾朝野,反对党日渐衰败的政党格局。这一政党格局虽难以扭转,但并不意味着现政权已经根除了危机与挑战,如何纾解朝野政治势力之间的矛盾和对抗,如何确保纳扎尔巴耶夫一手缔造的“祖国之光”党的党内团结及其该党在哈国的领导地位,如何在可预期的时间内完成政权的和平交接等问题挑战着哈萨克斯坦政局。
[Abstract]:The development of the political party system in Kazakhstan is a dynamic changing process. In the early 1990s, with the reconstruction of the state structure, political parties and social organizations in Kazakhstan sprang up like bamboo shoots. Kazakhstan entered the warring States period of the political party. In the early days of independence, the choice of a state with three separate powers and the establishment of a multi-party political direction all provided an endogenous impetus for the political parties of Kazakhstan to enter Parliament and thus be able to "make a difference" in the political process of the country for 25 years. Kazakhstan has formed a multi-party system under the leadership of the "Light of the Motherland" party. From the perspective of history, the validity and authority of political system is the necessary prerequisite for the normal exertion of national and social life. Taking the political party system of Kazakhstan as the research object, this paper reveals the inherent logic and particularity of the political operation of the political party in Kazakhstan, hoping to make a beneficial attempt for the study of the political party system in Kazakhstan. This paper holds that the party system, as one of the basic contents of the modern national political system, has formed the "Light of the Motherland" mode of "one Party and one Party" under the principle of multi-party system after 25 years of changes in Kazakhstan. The formation of this political party system model can not be separated from the choice of national political system in the early period of independence, but also directly related to Nazarbayev's ruling mode and strategic strategy of Kazakh founder Nazarbayev. Moreover, it is influenced by the differentiation of elite, the game of political interest groups and the development of domestic economy. In the process of democratization in Kazakhstan, although faced with many challenges, such as the low development of the political party system, the tribalism and the threat of Islamic extremism to the secular regime, the political party pattern of "one super soft" has been formed. The alliance of political parties will be the mainstream of the development of political party system in Kazakhstan. The game between political parties and authoritarian politics will promote the development of democracy and will also be an important factor affecting the transfer of power. The evolution of the political party system in Kazakhstan has its unique track, whether it is the institutional inertia of the "birthmark" of the Soviet Union or Nazarbayev's unique strategy. The country has been transformed into the "Light of the Motherland" party power, the declining opposition party pattern. Although this political party pattern is difficult to reverse, it does not mean that the current regime has eradicated the crisis and challenges, and how to alleviate the contradictions and confrontations between the political forces of the government and the opposition. How to ensure the unity of the "Light of the Motherland" party created by Nazarbayev and its leading position in Kazakhstan, and how to complete the peaceful transfer of power in a predictable time are challenging the political situation of Kazakhstan.
【学位授予单位】：新疆师范大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D736.1

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