卢旺达议会中妇女代表性问题研究（1994-2016）
发布时间：2018-09-04 11:29
【摘要】：2013年,卢旺达议会中妇女占比高达64%,成为世界范围内议会中妇女代表性最高的国家。1994年,卢旺达国内发生史无前例的种族大屠杀,妇女主动承担起了国家重建、民族和解的重任,完成了从"战争受害者"到"和平推动者"的身份转变。1994年至2003年的国家政治民主化转型阶段,妇女运动高潮迭起,成为内战后和平进程中的一支中坚力量,这也为妇女参与政治提供了更多的机会与平台。2003年,卢旺达爱国阵线成立新政府,颁布新宪法,实施性别配额制,规定议会中必须为妇女保留30%的席位。在此次选举中,下议院妇女占比达到48%。与此同时,也有不少质疑该现象的声音:妇女在议会中的高代表性是否能带来更多有利于妇女权益的法案与政策?这也是"临界规模"理论(critical mass theory)讨论的核心问题之一。该理论认为,妇女一旦到达立法机构的临界点(critical point),利于妇女利益相关法案的通过与实施就更为容易。在政治理论和实证研究的基础之上,大部分学者对于议会中妇女的代表性数量之高,是否会影响妇女议员的实质性代表,即妇女议员是否会代表妇女,例如推出更多有利于妇女权益的法案、改善妇女的生活现状、改变议会中的法案议程等,并没有统一的结论。围绕这一问题,本文从临界规模理论出发,选择卢旺达为案例,研究该国妇女在议会中的代表性问题。第一章明确地定义了代表性与妇女代表性的概念,提出本文的分析框架为临界规模理论。第二章首先爬梳了卢旺达议会中妇女在1994年大屠杀之前,1994年至2003年国家政治转型阶段和2003年颁发新宪法之后这三个阶段的发展轨迹;然后总结分析了卢旺达议会中妇女高代表性的特点:社会转型的催化,妇女运动的推动,性别配额制的保证和卢旺达爱国阵线党的支持。第三章在临界规模理论的分析框架下,继续探究了妇女在议会中的实质性代表,即在过程和结果两个方面取得的有利于妇女权益的各项成果。第四章主要讨论了本文的发现,即卢旺达议会中妇女的高代表性确实推动了妇女利益相关法案的推出与实施,改善了妇女的整体发展水平。这印证了临界规模理论的核心倡议,即代表性的数量对改变妇女的社会地位是有作用的。但其实质性代表同时也面临"授权效应"、"标签效应"、社会经济发展程度落后的局限性,以及该国行政机构权力过大的挑战。
[Abstract]:In 2013, the representation of women in the Rwandan Parliament was as high as 64, making it the world's highest representation of women in Parliament. In 1994, in Rwanda, there was an unprecedented genocide in Rwanda, and women took the initiative to rebuild the country. The important task of national reconciliation has completed the transformation of identity from "victims of war" to "agents of peace". In the transitional phase of the political democratization of the country from 1994 to 2003, the women's movement flourished and became a major force in the post-civil war peace process. This has also provided more opportunities and platforms for women to participate in politics. In 2003, RPF established a new government, promulgated a new constitution, introduced a gender quota and made it necessary to reserve 30 per cent of seats for women in Parliament. In this election, the share of women in the House of Commons reached 48. At the same time, there have been many voices questioning the phenomenon: will women's high representation in Parliament lead to more bills and policies in favour of women's rights and interests? This is also one of the core issues discussed in the "critical scale" theory of (critical mass theory). The theory holds that once women reach the critical point of legislature, (critical point), is easier to pass and implement. On the basis of political theory and empirical research, does the high representation of women in Parliament by most scholars affect the substantive representation of women parliamentarians, that is, whether women parliamentarians represent women? For example, the introduction of more bills in favour of women's rights, the improvement of women's living conditions, the change of the bill agenda in Parliament, and so on, there is no uniform conclusion. Based on the theory of critical size, this paper chooses Rwanda as a case to study the representation of women in parliament. In the first chapter, the concepts of representation and representation of women are clearly defined, and the analytical framework of this paper is the critical scale theory. The second chapter firstly combs the development path of the women in the Rwandan Parliament during the three stages of the political transition period from 1994 to 2003 and after the promulgation of the new constitution in 2003 before the 1994 massacre; Then it summarizes and analyzes the characteristics of the high representation of women in the Rwandan Parliament: the catalysis of social transformation, the promotion of the women's movement, the guarantee of the gender quota system and the support of the Rwandese Patriotic Front Party. The third chapter, under the analytical frame of critical scale theory, continues to explore the substantive representation of women in Parliament, that is, the achievements in favour of women's rights and interests in both the process and the results. The fourth chapter mainly discusses the findings of this paper that the high representation of women in the Rwandan Parliament has really promoted the introduction and implementation of the Women's interest related Act and improved the overall development level of women. This confirms the core initiative of the critical size theory that representative numbers play a role in changing women's social status. However, its substantive representatives also face the challenges of "authorization effect", "label effect", the limitation of backward social and economic development, and the excessive power of administrative organs in the country.
【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D742.7
本文编号：2221961
[Abstract]:In 2013, the representation of women in the Rwandan Parliament was as high as 64, making it the world's highest representation of women in Parliament. In 1994, in Rwanda, there was an unprecedented genocide in Rwanda, and women took the initiative to rebuild the country. The important task of national reconciliation has completed the transformation of identity from "victims of war" to "agents of peace". In the transitional phase of the political democratization of the country from 1994 to 2003, the women's movement flourished and became a major force in the post-civil war peace process. This has also provided more opportunities and platforms for women to participate in politics. In 2003, RPF established a new government, promulgated a new constitution, introduced a gender quota and made it necessary to reserve 30 per cent of seats for women in Parliament. In this election, the share of women in the House of Commons reached 48. At the same time, there have been many voices questioning the phenomenon: will women's high representation in Parliament lead to more bills and policies in favour of women's rights and interests? This is also one of the core issues discussed in the "critical scale" theory of (critical mass theory). The theory holds that once women reach the critical point of legislature, (critical point), is easier to pass and implement. On the basis of political theory and empirical research, does the high representation of women in Parliament by most scholars affect the substantive representation of women parliamentarians, that is, whether women parliamentarians represent women? For example, the introduction of more bills in favour of women's rights, the improvement of women's living conditions, the change of the bill agenda in Parliament, and so on, there is no uniform conclusion. Based on the theory of critical size, this paper chooses Rwanda as a case to study the representation of women in parliament. In the first chapter, the concepts of representation and representation of women are clearly defined, and the analytical framework of this paper is the critical scale theory. The second chapter firstly combs the development path of the women in the Rwandan Parliament during the three stages of the political transition period from 1994 to 2003 and after the promulgation of the new constitution in 2003 before the 1994 massacre; Then it summarizes and analyzes the characteristics of the high representation of women in the Rwandan Parliament: the catalysis of social transformation, the promotion of the women's movement, the guarantee of the gender quota system and the support of the Rwandese Patriotic Front Party. The third chapter, under the analytical frame of critical scale theory, continues to explore the substantive representation of women in Parliament, that is, the achievements in favour of women's rights and interests in both the process and the results. The fourth chapter mainly discusses the findings of this paper that the high representation of women in the Rwandan Parliament has really promoted the introduction and implementation of the Women's interest related Act and improved the overall development level of women. This confirms the core initiative of the critical size theory that representative numbers play a role in changing women's social status. However, its substantive representatives also face the challenges of "authorization effect", "label effect", the limitation of backward social and economic development, and the excessive power of administrative organs in the country.
【学位授予单位】：北京外国语大学
【学位级别】：硕士
【学位授予年份】：2017
【分类号】：D742.7
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